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. 2018 Aug 14;8:12148. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29809-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extracellular citrate (EC) measured using GCMS. (A and B) IrrDSBsen versus controls. Extracellular citrate at 5, 10 and 20 days after irradiation with 0, 0.5 Gy and 20 Gy gamma rays. (A) NHOF-1; (B) IMR90. n = 3 except for day 10 0 Gy and 0.5 Gy in IMR90 where n = 2. Error bars represent standard deviation from the mean *p < 0.5 with a 1 way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc analysis. (C and D) The same data as A and B normalised to the 0 Gy control for each time point. (E) PEsen fibroblasts versus controls. Concentration of extracellular citrate from NHOF1 and IMR90 fibroblasts that are rendered senescent due to proliferative exhaustion (PEsen) compared to growing controls, and normalised to cell number n = 3 per group *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 as assessed by the two-tailed Student’s T Test. Grey bars = growing controls; black bars = PEsen cells.