Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the population by stage of liver cirrhosis
| Child–Pugh A (n=59) | Child–Pugh B (n=55) | Child–Pugh C (n=13) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 56 (50–69) | 58 (48–67) | 61 (52–71) |
| Men, n (%) | 42/59 (71.2%) | 40/55 (72.7%) | 8/13 (61.5%) |
| Asian ethnicity, n (%) | 14/59 (23.7%) | 11/55 (20.0%) | 1/13 (7.7%) |
| Personal history of VTE, n (%) | 2/58 (3.5%) | 5/55 (9.1%) | 1/11 (9.1%) |
| Family history of VTE, n (%) | 6/59 (10.2%) | 1/54 (1.9%) | 0/10 (0%) |
| Clinical presentation | |||
| Asymptomatic, n (%) | 32/59 (54.2%) | 28/55 (50.9%) | 7/12 (58.3%) |
| Abdominal pain, n (%) | 19/59 (32.2%)a | 16/55 (29.1%) | 0/12 (0%)a |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding (including hematemesis, hematochezia, melena), n (%) | 7/59 (11.9%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 1/12 (8.3%) |
| Delay between symptom onset and diagnosis (days), median (IQR) | 10 (3–30) | 7 (4–20) | 18 (11–21) |
| Veins involved | |||
| Portal vein, n (%) | 51/59 (86.4%) | 48/55 (87.3%) | 12/13 (92.3%) |
| Mesenteric veins, n (%) | 18/59 (30.5%) | 21/55 (38.2%) | 2/13 (15.4%) |
| Splenic vein, n (%) | 11/59 (18.6%) | 8/55 (14.6%) | 1/13 (7.7%) |
| Multiple veins, n (%) | 17/59 (28.8%) | 17/55 (30.9%) | 2/13 (15.4%) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hepatic cirrhosis as sole risk factor, n (%) | 43/59 (72.9%) | 38/55 (69.1%) | 9/13 (69.2%) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma, n (%) | 11/59 (18.6%) | 15/55 (27.3%) | 4/13 (30.8%) |
| Abdominal inflammation-infection, n (%) | 4/59 (6.8%) | 0/55 (0%) | 0/13 (0%) |
| Recent abdominal surgery, n (%) | 1/59 (1.7%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 0/13 (0%) |
| Severity of liver disease | |||
| Esophageal varices, n (%) | 45/59 (76.3%) | 42/54 (77.8%) | 9/13 (69.2%) |
| Child–Pugh score, median (IQR) | 5 (5–6)b,c | 8 (7–8)b,d | 10 (10–11)d,c |
| MELD score, median (IQR) | 10 (9–11)b,c | 14 (12–17)b,d | 21 (19–26)d,c |
| Therapeutic strategies started during the acute phase | |||
| No treatment, n (%) | 23/59 (39.0%) | 20/55 (36.4%) | 8/13 (61.5%) |
| Any anticoagulant, n (%) treatment duration, median (IQR) | 36/59 (61.0%), 14.5 months (5.6–24)e | 35/55 (63.6%), 6 months (3–11)e | 4/13 (30.8%), 4.2 months (0.8–8) |
| Parenteral treatment only (UFH, LMWH, or fondaparinux), n (%) treatment duration, median (IQR) | 25/59 (42.4%)a, 10.1 months (5–23)e | 19/55 (34.5%), 4 months (2.2–6)e | 1/13 (7.7%)e, 7 months (7–7) |
| Vitamin K antagonist, n (%) treatment duration, median (IQR) | 11/59 (18.6%), 19.5 months (6–24) | 16/55 (29.1%), 6 months (4–24) | 3/13 (23.1%), 1.4 months (0.1–9) |
IQR interquartile range, LMWH low-molecular-weight heparin, UFH unfractionated heparin, VTE venous thromboembolism
The Child–Pugh score was not available for 22 patients
aP < 0.05 for the comparison between Child–Pugh class A and C
bP < 0.01 for the comparison between Child–Pugh class A and B
cP < 0.01 for the comparison between Child–Pugh class A and C
dP < 0.01 for the comparison between Child–Pugh class B and C
eP < 0.05 for the comparison between Child–Pugh class A and B