Skip to main content
. 2018 Aug 8;9:877. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00877

FIGURE 8.

FIGURE 8

Schematic illustrations of this study. Inhibition of mTOR activity with rapamycin results in a hyperactive PI3K-Akt pathway, whereas this activation inhibits the expression of CTGF in HPCs. In addition, rapamycin increased ROS generation and latent TGF-β activation which subsequently activated TGF-β-Smad2 signaling to promote CTGF expression.