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. 2018 Aug 14;16:228. doi: 10.1186/s12967-018-1604-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Characterisation of urinary exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of extracellular vesicle isolations stained with uranyl acetate in a exosomes and b microvesicles, bar represents 500 μm. c The size distribution of urinary exosomes and microvesicles by tunable resistive pulse sensing analysis of 500 events per sample (n = 4). d Western immunoblotting of exosomes and microvesicles isolated from urine using exosomal markers, including Tsg101 and CD9, and non-exosomal markers including calnexin, nucleoporin, p62, GM-130 and β-actin. Whole-cell lysates from HuH7 cells were loaded as a positive control