Table 2.
Predicted odds from multinomial logistic regression analyses of abstinence and met need for modern contraceptives in relation to unmet need among adolescent and young adult females aged 15–24 in Ghana, by selected characteristics and according to marital status
| Characteristic | All women (n = 1532) | Single women (n = 1182) | In union women (n = 350) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abstinence | Met need | Abstinence | Met need | Abstinence | Met need | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Single | 3.342 (2.196, 5.086)*** | 1.437 (.954, 2.163) | ||||
| Married (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Age | ||||||
| 15–17 | 0.994 (.598, 1.652) | .535 (.292, .978)* | 1.026 (.582, 1.808) | .509 (.255, 1.015) | 4.900 (.241, 99.680) | 1.262 (.108, 14.821) |
| 18–19 | 1.390 (.915, 2.109) | .723 (.451, 1.159) | 1.389 (.850, 2.272) | .617 (.343, 1.110) | 1.698 (.578, 4.988) | 1.028 (.412, 2.564) |
| 20–22 | 1.108 (.787, 1.562) | .877 (.617, 1.246) | 1.192 (.777, 1.828) | .769 (.478, 1.236) | .908 (.439, 1.878) | .843 (.474, 1.498) |
| 23–24 (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| No education (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Primary | 1.045 (.580, 1.883) | 1.029 (.563, 1.883) | 1.449 (.644, 3.262) | .625 (.253, 1.542) | .678 (.227, 2.026) | 1.913 (.584, 6.267) |
| JHS/JSS/Middle | 1.469 (.838, 2.572) | 1.282 (.713, 2.304) | 2.090 (.966, 4.522) | 1.023 (.439, 2.387) | 1.125 (.399, 3.172) | 1.857 (.743, 4.638) |
| Secondary/Higher | 2.413 (1.306, 4.458)** | 2.052 (1.059, 3.976)* | 3.913 (1.764, 8.678)** | 1.834 (.758, 4.437) | .465 (.103, 2.093) | 1.862 (.726, 4.779) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Poorest (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Poor | .851 (.527, 1.374) | .899 (.528, 1.530) | .727 (.415, 1.275) | .640 (.326, 1.254) | 2.205 (.696, 6.984) | 2.152 (.796, 5.820) |
| Middle | .585 (.351, .977)* | .710 (.404, 1.247) | .451 (.248, .818)** | .589 (.293, 1.185) | 2.629 (.205, 4.394) | 1.412 (.467, 4.274) |
| Rich | .421 (.239, .742)** | .416 (.222, .782)** | .300 (.154, .583)*** | .280 (.126, .621)** | 1.352 (.325, 5.635) | 1.049 (.330, 3.333) |
| Richest | .638 (.334, 1.220) | .634 (.305, 1.319) | .540 (.256, 1.139) | .641 (.264, 1.553) | 2.816 (.451, 17.584) | .742 (.162, 3.403) |
| Type of place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | .975 (.995, 1.392) | .962 (.660, 1.401) | 1.111 (.760, 1.623) | .979 (.620, 1.546) | .483 (.197, 1.184) | .938 (.455, 1.936) |
| Rural (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Region of residence | ||||||
| Western | .947 (.464, 1.933) | 2.937 (1.194, 7.224)* | 1.421 (.625, 3.232) | 2.705 (.787, 9.300) | .257 (.042, 1.570) | 3.379 (.753, 15.157) |
| Central | .796 (.372, 1.702) | 2.320 (.908, 5.926) | .989 (.409, 2.391) | 2.554 (.716, 9.114) | .468 (.083, 2.645) | 1.503 (.322, 7.025) |
| Greater Accra | 1.082 (.516, 2.269) | 3.371 (1.352, 8.405)** | 1.836 (.774, 4.358) | 4.116 (1.179, 14.372)* | .161 (.026, 1.022) | 1.844 (.403, 8.433) |
| Volta | .504 (.224, 1.133) | 2.57 (.989, 6.703) | .844 (.327, 2.175) | 4.092 (1.097, 15.263)* | .131 (.017, 1.018) | 1.112 (.223, 5.540) |
| Eastern | .804 (.384, 1.684) | 1.419 (.552, 3.650) | 1.206 (.511, 2.845) | 1.030 (.272, 3.904) | .212 (.035, 1.267) | 1.673 (.383, 7.304) |
| Ashanti | 1.462 (.718, 2.976) | 2.867 (1.126, 7.296)* | 2.414 (1.061, 5.494)* | 3.224 (.931, 11.164) | .355 (.059, 2.131) | 1.518 (.339, 6.805) |
| Brong Ahafo | 1.221 (.591, 2.524) | 5.637 (2.317,13.716)*** | 1.944 (.836, 4.521) | 7.265 (2.154, 24.504)** | .220 (.036, 1.363) | 2.498 (.590, 10.584) |
| Northern (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Upper East | .993 (.356, 2.775) | 2.446 (.722, 8.292) | 1.362 (.358, 5.188) | 3.178 (.523, 19.297) | .358 (.061, 2.097) | 1.250 (.212, 7.372) |
| Upper West | 1.005 (.421, 2.400) | 3.081 (1.088, 8.722)* | 1.591 (.537, 4.716) | 4.172 (.949, 18.341) | .279 (.048, 1.632) | 1.570 (.319, 7.715) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Catholic (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Protestant / Other Christian | .814 (.503, 1.319) | .844 (.495, 1.439) | .707 (.402, 1.235) | .673 (.342, 1.324) | .852 (.246, 2.958) | 1.404 (.537, 3.665) |
| Pentecostal / Charismatic | 1.011 (.634, 1.612) | .951 (.607, 1.701) | 1.006 (.580, 1.743) | 1.058 (.543, 2.060) | .942 (.299, 2.963) | 1.056 (.426, 2.616) |
| Muslim | .643 (.365, 1.133) | .619 (.321, 1.194) | .595 (.308, 1.150) | .825 (.359, 1.895) | .367 (.129, 2.134) | .326 (.101, 1.058) |
| Other | .962 (.415, 2.233) | .762 (.307, 1.891) | .847 (.306, 2.332) | .780 (.236, 2.575) | 2.218 (.385, 12.774) | .544 (.112, 2.643) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Akan (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Ewe / Ga Dangme | 1.588 (1.047, 2.409)* | 1.280 (.800, 2.048) | 1.424 (.893, 2.272) | 1.058 (.593, 1.886) | 1.733 (.513, 5.854) | 1.833 (.728, 4.613) |
| Mole-Dagbani | 1.674 (1.001, 2.799)* | 1.100 (.605, 1.997) | 1.325 (.750, 2.340) | .678 (.331, 1.390) | 3.702 (.705, 18.395) | 4.436 (1.342, 14.669)* |
| Gursi / Gurma / Mande | .940 (.530, 1.667) | 1.442 (.788, 2.637) | 1.040 (.540, 2.000) | 1.006 (.459, 2.204) | .272 (.040, 1.857)* | 3.889 (1.219, 12.402)* |
| Other | 2.153 (1.106, 4.190)* | 1.028 (.445, 2.373) | 1.963 (.924, 4.169) | .639 (.218, 1.869) | 5.199 (.986, 27.419) | 3.324 (.690, 16.006) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Not working (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| In school | .822 (.544, 1.242) | .912 (.554, 1.500) | .884 (.570, 1.370) | .958 (.556, 1.649) | .941 (.052, 17.030) | .310 (.027, 3.582) |
| Unpaid employment | .739 (.505, 1.082) | .953 (.629, 1.442) | .788 (.508, 1.223) | .964 (.572, 1.626) | .768 (.308, 1.912) | 1.207 (.560, 2.605) |
| Paid employment | 1.008 (.722, 1.407) | .855 (.593, 1.233) | 1.301 (.869, 1.948) | .904 (.566, 1.470) | .578 (.266,1.256) | .761 (.406, 1.425) |
| Number of living children | ||||||
| 0 | .679 (.390, 1.183) | .311 (.180, .536)*** | .768 (.333, 1.774) | .270 (.117, .623)** | .114 (.010, 1.287) | .583 (.194, 1.754) |
| 1 | .607 (.370, .995)* | .415 (.263, .654)*** | .684 (.291, 1.610) | .403 (.173, .942)* | .718 (.352, 1.463) | .454 (.252, .818)** |
| 2+ (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Previous pregnancy termination | ||||||
| No (r) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Yes | .405 (.275, .596)*** | 1.193 (.838, 1.699) | .299 (.189, .475)*** | 1.115 (.704, 1.765) | .843 (.362, 1.963) | 1.189 (.622, 2.270) |
Computed from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey
OR Odds ratio, SE Standard Error
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001