Table 1. Characteristics of healthcare-associated pneumonia cases and non-cases collected in the ‘standard’ surveillance option, ECDC point prevalence survey in acute care hospitals, European Union/European Economic Area^a 2011–2012 (n = 215,537).

Characteristics	HAPb N	Totalb N	HAP prevalence		Odds ratio (95% CI)
			% of all patients (95% CI)	p value
Total	2,748	215,537
Age
< 1 month	61	7,592	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	< 0.0001	1.5 (1.1–2.0)
1–11 months	67	5,135	1.3 (1.0–1.8)		2.1 (1.6–2.8)
1–44 years	276	46,838	0.6 (0.5–0.7)		Reference
45–74 years	1,188	88,726	1.3 (1.2–1.5)		2.4 (2.1–2.7)
75–84 years	776	43,665	1.8 (1.6–2.0)		3.2 (2.8–3.7)
≥ 85 years	377	23,319	1.6 (1.4–1.8)		3.1 (2.6–3.6)
Sex
Female	1,024	113,517	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	< 0.0001	0.6 (0.5–0.8)
Male	1,717	101,137	1.7 (1.6–1.8)		Reference
McCabe score
Nonfatal	991	142,925	0.7 (0.6–0.8)	< 0.0001	Reference
Ultimately fatal	855	34,780	2.5 (2.2–2.7)		3.6 (3.3–4.0)
Rapidly fatal	485	11,275	4.3 (3.9–4.8)		6.7 (6.0–7.6)
Intubated on survey date
Yes	737c	4,906	15 (14–17)	< 0.0001	18 (17–20)
No	1,999c	20,9774	1.0 (0.9–1.0)		Reference
Length of stay until HAP or until survey dates (days)d
≤ 3	399	71,000	0.6 (0.5–0.6)	< 0.0001	Reference
4–7	560	57,327	1.0 (0.9–1.1)		1.7 (1.5–1.9)
8–14	494	41,740	1.2 (1.1–1.3)		2.0 (1.8–2.3)
≥ 15	772	43,911	1.8 (1.6–1.9)		3.1 (2.7–3.5)
Hospital type
Primary care	291	31,401	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	< 0.0001	Reference
Secondary care	845	75,275	1.1 (1.0–1.3)		1.3 (1.0–1.6)
Tertiary care	1,383	85,363	1.6 (1.5–1.8)		1.8 (1.5–2.3)
Specialised	121	12,573	1.0 (0.7–1.4)		0.8 (0.6–1.2)
Hospital size (number of beds)
< 200	202	21,200	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	< 0.0001	Reference
200–399	561	50,069	1.1 (1.0–1.3)		1.2 (0.9–1.4)
400–649	644	55,746	1.2 (1.0–1.3)		1.2 (1.0–1.5)
≥ 650	1,341	88,522	1.5 (1.3–1.7)		1.6 (1.3–2.1)
Speciality
Geriatrics	101	8,982	1.1 (0.9–1.5)	< 0.0001	1.0 (0.8–1.2)
Gynaecology/Obstetrics	12	16,493	0.07 (0.04–0.13)		0.1 (0.0–0.1)
Intensive care unit	853	10,504	8.1 (7.4–8.9)		7.1 (6.5–7.8)
Medical	1,138	88,745	1.3 (1.1–1.4)		Reference
Mixed	3	782	0.4 (0.1–1.2)		0.3 (0.1–1.1)
Other	13	1,160	1.1 (0.6–2.2)		1.0 (0.6–1.7)
Paediatrics	60	12,037	0.5 (0.3–0.7)		0.4 (0.3–0.5)
Psychiatrics	9	8,226	0.1 (0.1–0.2)		0.1 (0.0–0.2)
Rehabilitation	28	3,068	0.9 (0.6–1.5)		0.7 (0.5–1.0)
Surgery	530	65,370	0.8 (0.7–0.9)		0.6 (0.5–0.7)

CI: confidence interval; ECDC: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; HAP: healthcare associated pneumonia; IQR: interquartile range.

^aEuropean Union countries, plus Croatia (EU Member State since 1 July 2013), Iceland and Norway.

^bColumns may not tally to the total due to missing data.

^cEighty percent (587/737) of patients with intubation on the survey date and 15% (303/1,999) of patients without incubation on the survey date were classified as intubation-associated pneumonia.

^dExcluding patients with HAP at admission.