Table 2. Microorganisms isolated in healthcare-associated pneumonia cases according to association with intubation, time of onset and diagnostic category, ECDC point prevalence survey in acute care hospitals, European Union/European Economic Area^a, 2011–2012 (n = 1,403 isolates).

Microorganism	All HAP cases		Intubation-associated				Time of onsetb						Diagnostic category
			Yes		No/Unknown		≤ 4 days		5–7 days		≥ 8 days		PN1–PN3c		PN4c
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	1,403	100	827	100	576	100	199	100	184	100	718	100	648	100	725	100
Gram-positive cocci	265	19	126	15	139	24	53	27	42	23	115	16	124	19	132	18
Staphylococcus aureus	168	12	79	10	89	15	32	16	24	13	76	11	77	12	86	12
Coagulase-negative staphylococci	22	2	9	1	13	2	3	2	3	2	11	2	12	2	8	1
Streptococcus spp.	35	2	13	2	22	4	14	7	9	5	9	1	12	2	22	3
Enterococcus spp.	31	2	18	2	13	2	1	1	5	3	17	2	19	3	12	2
Other Gram-positive cocci	9	1	7	1	2	0	3	2	1	1	2	0	4	1	4	1
Gram-negative cocci	18	1	5	1	13	2	4	2	3	2	10	1	6	1	12	2
Gram-positive bacilli	6	0	4	0	2	0	0	0	1	1	2	0	4	1	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae	454	32	275	33	179	31	69	35	59	32	225	31	186	29	254	35
Citrobacter spp.	12	1	8	1	4	1	1	1	2	1	3	0	7	1	5	1
Enterobacter spp.	71	5	43	5	28	5	13	7	8	4	39	5	20	3	47	6
Escherichia coli	120	9	68	8	52	9	16	8	19	10	58	8	45	7	72	10
Klebsiella spp.	164	12	102	12	62	11	28	14	15	8	81	11	68	10	91	13
Proteus spp.	33	2	22	3	11	2	4	2	4	2	15	2	21	3	11	2
Serratia spp.	37	3	24	3	13	2	4	2	10	5	18	3	15	2	21	3
Other Enterobacteriaceae	17	1	8	1	9	2	3	2	1	1	11	2	10	2	7	1
Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria	4,444	32	302	37	142	25	39	20	51	28	264	37	222	34	217	30
Acinetobacter spp.	136	10	106	13	30	5	7	4	21	11	81	11	63	10	72	10
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	244	17	154	19	90	16	29	15	22	12	141	20	129	20	112	15
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	47	3	30	4	17	3	3	2	4	2	29	4	19	3	27	4
Other Pseudomonadaceae	17	1	12	1	5	1	0	0	4	2	13	2	11	2	6	1
Other Gram-negative bacteria	64	5	31	4	33	6	20	10	15	8	18	3	26	4	37	5
Haemophilus spp.	51	4	28	3	23	4	18	9	15	8	13	2	18	3	32	4
Legionella spp.	3	0	0	0	3	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0
Other Gram-negative bacteria	10	1	3	0	7	1	1	1	0	0	5	1	5	1	5	1
Anaerobic bacilli	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
Bacteroides spp.	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
Other bacteria	5	0	2	0	3	1	0	0	0	0	3	0	4	1	1	0
Fungi and parasites	143	10	81	10	62	11	14	7	13	7	77	11	73	11	69	10
Candida spp.	99	7	64	8	35	6	13	7	10	5	51	7	49	8	49	7
Aspergillus spp.	33	2	11	1	22	4	0	0	3	2	21	3	18	3	15	2
Other fungi and parasites	11	1	6	1	5	1	1	1	0	0	5	1	6	1	5	1
Viruses	3	0	1	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	3	0	0	0

ECDC: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; HAP: healthcare-associated pneumonia; LRT: lower respiratory track; spp.: species.

^aEuropean Union countries, plus Croatia (EU Member State since 1 July 2013), Iceland and Norway.

^bExcluding 302 isolates due to HAP at admission or due to missing dates.

^cPN1–PN3: bacteriologic diagnostic test for pneumonia performed by positive quantitative culture from minimally (PN1) or possibly (PN2) contaminated LRT specimen, or by alternative microbiological methods (PN3) (see Box); PN4: positive sputum culture or non-quantitative LRT specimen culture (see Box).