Table 3. Antibiotic resistance testing among selected microorganisms isolated in healthcare-associated pneumonia, ECDC point prevalence survey in acute care hospitals, European Union/European Economic Area^a, 2011–2012 (n = 841 isolates).

Selected pathogens and antimicrobial resistance	Total		Intubation-associated pneumonia					Time of onset
	n resistant or non-susceptible / N tested	% resistant or non-susceptible	Yes		No/Unknown		p value	≤ 4 days		5–7 days		≥ 7 days		p value
			n resistant or non-susceptible / N tested	% resistant or non-susceptible	n resistant or non-susceptible / N tested	% resistant or non-susceptible		n resistant or non-susceptible / N tested	% resistant or non-susceptible	n resistant or non-susceptible / N tested	% resistant or non-susceptible	n resistant or non-susceptible / N tested	% resistant or non-susceptible
Antimicrobial-resistant Gram-positive coccib	76 / 177	43	30 / 83	36	46 / 94	49	NS	4 / 31	13	12 / 27	44	43 / 81	53	0.007
Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to meticillin (MRSA)	73 / 157	47	30 / 73	41	43 / 84	51	NS	4 / 30	13	12 / 23	52	40 / 71	56	0.004
Enterococcus spp., resistant to vancomycin	3 /20	15	0 / 10 (0)	0	3 / 10	30	NS	0 / 1	0	0 / 4	0	3 / 10	30	NS
Antimicrobial-resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteriac	172 / 316	54	128 / 219	58	44 / 97	45	0.04	7 / 27	26	16 / 34	47	113 / 191	59	0.01
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-susceptible to carbapenem	81 / 204	40	53 / 132	40	28 / 72	39	NS	4 / 23	17	4 / 18	22	55 / 122	45	0.04
Acinetobacter spp., non-susceptible to carbapenems	91 / 112	81	75 / 87	86	16 / 25	64	0.005	3 / 4	75	12 /16	75	58 / 69	84	NS
Enterobacteriaceae, non-susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins	139 / 348	40	91 /224	41	48 / 124	39	NS	16 / 57	28	9 / 44	20	81 / 175	46	0.02
Enterobacteriaceae, non-susceptible to carbapenems	38 / 336	11	25 / 214	12	13 / 122	11	NS	4 / 55	7	1 / 41	2	24 / 170	14	NS
Klebsiella spp., non-susceptible to carbapenems	32 / 128	25	19 / 81	23	13 / 47	28	NS	2 / 25	8	0 / 11	0	23 / 64		0.003
Escherichia coli, non-susceptible to carbapenems	3 / 88	3	3 / 55	5	0 / 33	0	NS	1 / 11	9	0 / 14	0	1 / 44	2	NS
Total	387 / 841	46	249 / 526	47	138 / 315	44	NS	27 / 115	23	37 / 105	35	237 / 447	53	< 0.001

ECDC: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; NS: not statistically significant (p > 0.05); spp.: species.

^aEuropean Union countries, plus Croatia (EU Member State since 1 July 2013), Iceland and Norway.

^bLimited to meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp.

^cLimited to carbapenem-non-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa or carbapenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter spp.