TABLE 3.

Most accurate tests for exclusion of intra-articular pathology.

Test	Structure	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
Lachmen’s	ACL	85	94
Anterior drawer	ACL	92	91
Posterior drawer	PCL	51–100	99
Valgus stress	MCL	86–96	Not reported
Varus stress	LCL	25	Not reported
Pivot shift	Meniscus	24	98
McMurray’s	Meniscus	16–58	77–98
Apley’s grind	Meniscus	13–16	80–90
Patella ballottement	Effusion	32	100

Source: Benjaminse et al. 2006; Day et al. 2009; Malanga et al. 2003; Nijs et al. 2006