Table 2.

Results of granger causality tests between legacy (vs. Social) media, risk perceptions, and protective behaviors.

Variable	Legacy media F-value, p-value	Social media F-value, p-value
Lag length of one weeka
Risk perceptions	3.87, .071	33.38, < .001
Protective behaviors	3.75, .066	2.37, .139
Lag length of two weeksb
Risk perceptions	1.52, .264	14.02, < .001
Protective behaviors	4.00, .037	2.28, .131
Lag length of three weeksc
Risk perceptions	0.81, .526	12.90, .003
Protective behaviors	3.10, .059	1.74, .202

Note. Bold font style indicates a significance level of p-values ≤ .05.

^aDegrees of freedom for F-tests of risk perceptions and protective behaviors were (1, 13) and (1, 21).

^bDegrees of freedom for F-tests of risk perceptions and protective behaviors were (2, 10) and (2, 18).

^cDegrees of freedom for F-tests of risk perceptions and protective behaviors were (3, 7) and (3, 15).