Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics for Analysis Variables (mean or proportion), by Gender

Variable (observed range)	Women (n = 401)	Men (n = 536)	Gender difference
Children’s schooling (0–17 years)	10.67	11.09	<0.05
Biomarker summary scores
HPA/SNS function subscore (0–4)	1.40	0.62	<0.001
Inflammation subscore (0–4)	1.03	1.01	ns
CV/metabolic function subscore (0–9)	2.25	1.84	<0.001
Overall PD score (0–13)	4.67	3.47	<0.001
Psychological and behavioral mediators
Subjective social status (1–10)	4.17	4.42	<0.05
Life satisfaction (0–10)	6.16	6.39	ns
Stressful events (0–3)	0.59	0.51	ns
Regular exercise (0–1)	0.34	0.44	<0.001
Healthy diet (0–1)	0.67	0.58	<0.05
Physical examination (0–1)	0.34	0.34	ns
Smoking
Never smoked (0–1)	0.96	0.31	<0.001
Formerly smoked (0–1)	0.01	0.25	<0.001
Current smoking (0–1)	0.03	0.44	<0.001
Drinking
Abstainer (0–1)	0.93	0.54	<0.001
Infrequent drinker (0–1)	0.05	0.26	<0.001
Frequent drinker (0–1)	0.02	0.20	<0.001
Confounding variables
Age (50–87)	61.41	61.93	ns
Living in rural area (0–1)	0.43	0.38	ns
Married/cohabiting (0–1)	0.72	0.89	<0.001
Number of living children (1–11)	4.35	3.98	<0.001
Co-residence with children (0–1)	0.77	0.79	ns
Respondent’s education (0–17 years)	3.23	6.57	<0.001
Spouse’s education (0–17 years)	5.61	4.23	<0.001
Respondent’s occupation
No job (0–1)	0.33	0.01	<0.001
SEI score (55.1–76.1)	59.60	61.84	<0.001
Spouse’s occupation
No job (0–1)	0.01	0.55	<0.05
SEI score (55.1–76.1)	59.92	60.35	ns
CES-D (0–30)	5.24	4.22	<0.01
Serious chronic illnesses (0–5)	0.62	0.54	ns

Notes: CV = cardiovascular; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; HPA/SNS = hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system; PD = physiological dysregulation; ns= not statistically significant; SEI = socioeconomic index. Descriptive statistics are based weighted analyses to compensate for oversampling by age group and urban residence.