Table 1.
Effects of Chronic d-Galactose Treatment on Bizarre Behaviors and Emotionality in 6-Month-Old Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice
| Behavioral Variables Recorded at the OF and the DLB Tests | Male C57BL/6 Mice | Female C57BL/6 Mice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saline (n = 9) | d-Galactose 50 mg/kg (n = 9) | d-Galactose 100 mg/kg (n = 10) | Saline (n = 10) | d-Galactose 50 mg/kg (n = 10) | d-Galactose 100 mg/kg (n = 10) | Statistics | |
| Bizarre behaviors at OF | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 50 | 70 | S*** T** SxT** |
| Head streaching (incidence, %) | 77.78 | 77.78 | 40 | 50 | 30 | 60 | ns |
| Backward movements (incidence, %) | 55.56 | 33.33 | 40 | 20 | 10 | 20 | S* |
| Stereotyped rearings (incidence, %) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 90 | 40 | 70 | S*** |
| Stereotyped rearings (n) | 8.7 ± 2.3 | 9.3 ± 2.4 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 2.5 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | T** |
| Jumping (incidence, %) | 11.1 | 22.22 | 0 | 22.22 | 0 | 0 | ns |
| Total bizarre movements (n/maximum) | 22/36 | 21/36 | 18/40 | 18/40 | 8/40 | 15/40 | S*** |
| Self-grooming behavior at OF and DLB | |||||||
| Self-grooming at OF (latency, s) | 177.7 ± 18.7 | 150.1 ± 14.0 | 168.3 ± 12.0 | 111.7 ± 15.6 | 118.2 ± 18.3 | 134.6 ± 16. 6 | S** |
| Self-grooming at OF (s) | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | ns |
| Self-grooming at DLB (latency, s) | 300.0 ± 0.0 | 259.4 ± 18.5 | 275.7 ± 18.9 | 300.0 ± 0.0 | 300.0 ± 0.0 | 300.0 ± 0.0 | S*** |
| Self-grooming at DLB (s) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | ns |
| Defecation behavior at OF and DLB | |||||||
| Defecation boli at OF (n) | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | ns |
| Defecation boli at DLB (n) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | ns |
| Defecation boli in the lit area DLB (n) | 0 ± 0 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0. 7 ± 0.3 | 1 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0 ± 0 | ns |
| Urination at OF and DLB | |||||||
| Urination at OF (incidence, %) | 55.56 | 22.22 | 20 | 50 | 30 | 30 | ns |
| Urination at DLB (incidence, %) | 22.22 | 22.22 | 10 | 10 | 50 | 40 | ns |
| Urination in the lit area DLB (incidence, %) | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | ns |
Note: DLB, dark–light box; OF, open field. Data are expressed by mean ± SEM or percentage (%). Statistics: ANOVA 2 x 3: S, sex effect; T, treatment effect; S x T, gender x treatment interaction effect; *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Post-hoc Duncan’s test: sp < .05, ssp < .01, sssp < .001 vs. the corresponding male group; *p < .05, ***p < .001, the corresponding saline group.