Table 3. . Summary of CNS-Vital Signs validity studies.
| Study (year) | Study sample | Methods: tests | Methods: statistics | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gualtieri and Johnson (2006) | 144 with neuropsychiatric disorders and 36 healthy controls | Compared CNS-VS to RAVLT, WMS LM subtests, FTT, the ST, TMT B and the VF test | Pearson r correlation coefficients | Correlations ranged from -0.53 to 0.79 Strongest correlation was between CNS-VS SDC and WAIS DS. |
[29] |
| Lanting et al. (2012) | 50 with mTBI | Compared CNS-VS to NAB, RST, WTAR. Assessed at 6–8 weeks following injury | Pearson r correlation coefficients | Correlations ranged from 0.28 to 0.58 Strongest correlation was between CNS-VS Psychomotor Speed score and NAB memory index standard score (r = 0.58) |
[30] |
| Gualtieri and Hervey (2015) | 179 with psychiatric disorders | Compared CNS-VS to WAIS-III | Pearson r correlation coefficients Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses Stepwise discriminant function analysis Logistic regression |
Correlations ranged from 0.33 to 0.59. Strongest correlation was between CNS-VS SAT and FSIQ CNS-VS SAT and VIM scores were the only significant predictors of FSIQ |
[31] |
| Lanting et al. (2012) | 50 with mTBI and 31 with orthopedic injury | Administered CNS-VS at 6–8-week postinjury | MANOVA | No significant differences between groups | [32] |
| Gualtieri and Johnson (2008) | 145 controls and 141 examinees with TBI separated into four groups: PCS = 13; mTBI recovered = 15; recovered from STBI = 85, unrecovered STBI = 28 | Administered CNS-VS. PCS tested within 3-month postinjury mTBI tested within 12-month postinjury STBI time since injury unspecified |
MANOVA Post hoc t-tests comparing the five groups ROC curve, including AUC |
MANOVA: 18 of 28 scores were significantly different. Post hoct-tests demonstrated significant differences on most CNS-VS scores between healthy controls and the four TBI cohorts, with mTBI recovered performing as well as healthy controls Post hoct-tests demonstrated the STBI groups performed significantly worse than the mTBI groups AUC, group membership between injured and healthy groups: significant for psychomotor speed (0.75), NCI (0.75) and cognitive flexibility (0.71) |
[33] |
| Dresch et al. (2015) | 458 active-duty soldiers (deemed fit for duty) | Administered CNS-VS, demographic questionnaires and biomarkers 30 days before and after deployment | Cohen's d effect sizes | Cohen's d = 0.22 on pre–post-deployment comparisons Cohen's d = 0.40 on postdeployment comparisons, with the sample divided into ‘no traumatic stress’ or ‘traumatic stress groups’ |
[34] |
AUC: Area under the curve; CNS-VS: CNS-vital sign; FSIQ: Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; FTT: Finer Tapping Test; LM: Logical memory; MANOVA: Multivariate analysis of variance; mTBI: Mild traumatic brain injury; NAB: Neuropsychological assessment battery; NCI: Neurocognitive Index; PCS: Postconcussive syndrome; RAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; ROC: Receiver operating characteristics; RST: Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test; SAT: Shifting attention test; SDC: Symbol digit coding; ST: Stroop Test; STBI: Severe TBI; TMT: Trail Making Test; VIM: Visual memory test; WAIS DS: Wechsler adult intelligence scale digit symbol; VF: Verbal fluency; WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition; WMS: Wechsler Memory Test; WTAR: Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.