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. 2018 Aug 15;9:3262. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05738-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Lake area change and carbon flux implications in the permafrost region of northwestern Alaska for 1999–2014 determined with Landsat satellite trend analysis. Gross lake area loss (a), gross lake area gain (b), net lake area change (c), and net change in carbon flux associated with expansion and drainage (d) have been aggregated in 7.5 km × 7.5 km grid cells (5625 ha per cell). Background map: CartoDB Positron layer accessed with QuickMapServices QGIS Plugin. Panels a–c show the absolute percent water fraction change per grid cell. In d, net change in carbon flux over the 15-year observation period. Despite a net lake area loss for the region, large permafrost-soil derived carbon emissions associated with gross lake area gain overwhelm smaller flux changes associated with gross lake area loss, leading to a net increase in regional carbon emissions (Supplementary Table 3)