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. 2018 Aug 15;3:20. doi: 10.1038/s41525-018-0062-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Optimize glucose production assay for primary human hepatocytes. a Ratio of MAX and MIN raw signal at indicated time points. Min: basal glucose signal without gluconeogenic substrates treatment; Max: glucose signal with gluconeogenic substrates treatment. 6–3 h/6–24 h: starve cells for 6 h and treat cells with gluconeogenic substrates for 3 or 24 h, respectively; 24–3h: starve cells for 24 h and treat cells with gluconeogenic substrates for 3 h. (n = 3). b Absorbance at 570 nm when treating human primary hepatocytes with pyruvate, lactate, glycine with or without lysine. (n = 3). c Dose response of gluconeogenesis inhibition by insulin. (n = 3). d Dose response of gluconeogenesis stimulation by glucagon. (n = 3)