Table 1. Contemporary series of open total arch procedures (frozen elephant trunk series not included).

First author, year	Study period	N	In-hospital mortality	Permanent stroke	Permanent SCI/paraplegia	Permanent renal failure	Follow-up time
Kazui, 2007 (5)	1986–2006	420 TAR, 472 total	9.3%*	3.2%*	NA	NA	NA
Sundt, 2008 (28)	1993–2007	95 TAR, 347 total	16.8%	9.5%*	NA	8%*	NA
Bischoff, 2010 (4)	1999–2009	206	6.8%	3.4%	NA	1%	3.7 years (median)
Kulik, 2011 (29)	2002–2010	88	5.7%	3.4%	3.4%	3.4%	2.9±2.3 years
LeMaire, 2011 (6)	2006–2009	55	2%	5%	NA	5%	483±221 days
Patel, 2011 (26)	1993–2009	587 TAR†, 721 total	5%*	4.7%*	NA	1.9%*	52.6±39.9 months
Misfeld, 2012 (30)	2003–2009	182 TAR, 636 total	11.3%*	11.3%*	NA	14.6%	4.9±0.1 years
Thomas, 2012 (31)	2001–2010	65 TAR, 209 total	6%‡	6%§	NA	3%	NA
Zierer, 2012 (32)	2000–2011	318 TAR, 1,002 total	5%*	2.5%*	0.3%	4%*	NA
Okita, 2013 (8)	2002–2012	423	4.5%	3.3%	0.6%	3.1%§	2.3±2.3 years
Hiraoka, 2014 (33)	2008–2012	158	7%	8.2%	NA	NA	NA
Leshnower, 2014 (7)	2004–2012	145	9.7%	2.8%	0	2.8%	33 months
Preventza, 2015 (9)	2005–2013	274	10.2%	5.5%	0.7%	1.1%	4.5 years (median)

All Ns and percentages refer to total arch replacement patients only unless otherwise specified. Follow-up times are reported as means unless otherwise noted. *, refers to the entire cohort and not only the total arch replacement patients; ^†, it is unclear how many of these procedures were total arch replacements. We infer that 587 of them were because they involved bypass to the innominate (n=296), left common carotid (n=216), or subclavian artery (n=75); ^‡, the in-hospital mortality rate was 5.5% for patients who underwent elective procedures and 10% for those who underwent emergency procedures; ^§, not specified as temporary or permanent. NA, not available in published article; SCI, spinal cord injury; TAR, total arch replacement.