Table 6. The factors, variables, and theories used in common technological contexts in studies (respectively, repetition and importance).
| Technology area | Factors (variables) and intention-based theories incorporated to original TAM based on different user groups and technological contexts | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| User groups | Factors and variables | Intention-based theories | Extended TAM version used | |
| HIT systems in general | Health care professionals |
Knowledge, endemic barriers, anxiety, relevance, self-efficacy, subjective and descriptive norms, age, image, job level, work experience, computer skills, voluntariness, information technology exposure, innovativeness, online information dependence | DeLone and McLean IS success model | – |
| Nurses | Social influence, perceived training on system, satisfaction with system, complete use of system | – | – | |
| Patients | Customized information, trustworthiness. | Health belief model (HBM), TPB | – | |
| Hospital information system (HIS) | Physicians | System quality, information quality, service quality | – | TAM3 |
| Health care professionals |
Compatibility, training, social influence, facilitating condition, self-efficiency, anxiety | UTAUT | – | |
| Nurses | Power distance, uncertainly avoidance, masculinity or femininity, individualism or collectivism, time orientation, prior experience, system quality, information quality, self-efficacy, compatibility, top management support, project team competency | Information system success model | TAM3 | |
| Electronic health record (EHR) | Physicians | System acceptability, system characteristics, organizational characteristics, individual characteristics, system accessibility, organizational cultural, perceptions of institutional trust, perceived risk, information integrity, social impact, HIT experience, privacy concerns, compatibility, habit, subjective norm, facilitators, management support, training, physicians' involvement, physicians' autonomy, doctor–patient relationship | DOI, IDT, UTAUT | TAM2 |
| Health care professionals |
Perceived service level, perceived system performance, data quality, user interface, self-efficacy, clinical safety, security, integration and information sharing | – | – | |
| Nurses | Environment or context, nurse characteristics, EHR characteristic | TRA, TPB, TTF | ||
| e-Prescription systems | Physicians | Social influence, practice characteristics, physician characteristics, perceived compatibility, perceived usefulness to enhance control systems, training, perceived risks | – | – |
| Nurses | Perceived compatibility, perceived usefulness to enhance control systems, training, perceived risks | – | – | |
| Computers, handheld (PDAs) | Physicians | Subjective norm, compatibility, reliability, knowledge quality, system quality, service quality, user satisfaction, age, position in hospital, cluster ownership, specialty | DeLone and McLean IS success model | – |
| Health care professionals |
Compatibility, support, personal innovativeness, job relevance | – | – | |
| Nurses | − | – | – | |
| Pharmacists | Subjective norm, image, output quality, result demonstrability, job relevance, experience, voluntariness | – | TAM2 | |
| Telemedicine | Physicians | Security and confidentiality, relationship with ICTs, subjective norm, facilitators, habit, compatibility, self-efficacy, accessibility, perceived incentives, process orientation, importance of standardization, e-health knowledge, importance of documentation, importance of data, propensity to innovate, organizational readiness, technical readiness, social demographics, optimism, propensity to innovate, enabling conditions | UTAUT, TPB, personal computing utilization | TAM2 |
| Health care professionals |
Subjective norm, job fit, loyalty, expectation confirmation, clinical factors, nonclinical factors, habit, compatibility, facilitators | – | – | |
| Patients | Patient trust, person-centered caring, communication, enjoyment factor, social and institutional trust, social participation, self-efficacy, innovativeness, subjective norm, social norm, enabling conditions, technology anxiety | HBM, social capital theory, social cognitive theory, TPB, personal computing utilization | TAM2 | |
| Nurses | Support from physicians, experience, support from administrator. | – | – | |
| Mobile applications | Physicians | Gender, experience, age, personal innovativeness, compatibility, social influence | – | – |
| Health care professionals |
Reliability, social Influence, facilitating conditions, self-efficacy, anxiety, recommendation, user satisfaction, attribute of usability, technical support and training, compatibility | – | – | |
| Nurses | Subjective norm, image, output quality, result demonstrability, job relevance, experience, voluntariness | – | TAM2 | |
| Patients | Information technology experience (ITE), compatibility, self-efficacy, technical support and training, personalization, privacy, anxiety, prior experience, person-centered, communication | Self-determination theory (SDT) | – | |
| Personal health record (PHR) | Patients | Subjective norm, physician–patient relationship (PPR), social norm, privacy concern, trust, perceived risk, controllability, self-efficacy, compatibility, perceived value | DOI | – |
Abbreviations: DOI, diffusion of innovation; HIT, health information technology; ICT, information and communication technology; IDT, innovation diffusion theory; IS, information system; PDA, personal digital assistant; TAM, technology acceptance model; TPB, theory of planned behavior; TRA, theories of reasonable action; TTF, task-technology fit; UTAUT, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.