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. 2018 Aug 7;9:1139. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01139

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Copyright © 2018 Borges.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Interactions of plants with beneficial and parasitic gallers. Examples are from the cluster fig Ficus racemosa (A) seeds and pollinator galls in a syconium. Note remnants of stigma and single developing pollinator in each galled uniovulate flower. (B) Large galls of an early-arriving parasitic galler Sycophaga stratheni in a syconium; these gallers target tissues of the syconium lumen. (C) Aggregations of parasitic gallers Sycophaga fusca on a syconium; these gallers are attracted by the syconium volatile blend emitted at pollen-receptive stage. (D) The weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina preying upon pollinator gallers Ceratosolen fusciceps entering a syconium through the ostiole; ants are attracted by syconial volatiles at pollen-receptive phase. (E) Oviposition by parasitoid Apocrypta sp. 2 into galls hidden within the syconium; oviposition decision are made using chemosensory features of the ovipositor. Photo credits: (A,D) Mahua Ghara and Yuvaraj Ranganathan; (B,C) Pratibha Yadav; image in C is adapted from Yadav et al. (2018) and is reproduced with permission from Springer Nature; (E) Nikhil More.