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. 2018 Jul 27;9:1677. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01677

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Copyright © 2018 Wasén, Erlandsson, Bossios, Ekerljung, Malmhäll, Töyrä Silfverswärd, Pullerits, Lundbäck and Bokarewa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Serum levels of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) are low in smokers. (A,B) Spearman correlation between the logarithm of sPD-L1 and interleukins (IL)-6 and IL-1β, disease activity score (DAS28), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), disease duration (DD), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (aCCP) and rheumatoid factor (RF), weekly dose of methotrexate (MTX), anti-tumor necrosis factor α antibody (TNFi) treatment (A), and age and sex (A,B). sPD-L1 was measured in 246 RA patients (A) and 168 healthy controls (B). The color guide shows the value of r. (C) Results of the logistic regression analysis. sPD-L1 was dichotomized into groups with low levels (0) and high levels (1). The variables indicated with (*) are nominal or ordinal and only take on values 1 and 0. Smokers, aCCP+, RF+, and TNF-inhibiting antibodies treated and males are assigned number 1.