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. 2018 Jul 26;9:999. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00999

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Copyright © 2018 Sun, Cheung, Au, Yeung and Yeung.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Upregulation of MGF in muscle injury and the association with inflammatory markers. Cardiotoxin (CTX)-injured muscles were harvested at 0, 2, 8 h, 1, 2, 4, and 7 days post-injury. Muscles at 0 h were not injected with CTX, serving as the uninjured control. (A) Expression of Mgf Igf-1Ea, and inflammatory cytokines in muscle injury (n = 4–6/timepoint). Gapdh expression served as the internal control. The expression level is relative to that at 0 h. Significant differences from 0 h: ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗P < 0.001. Statistics were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and followed by Bonferroni test. Values represent mean ± SEM. (B) Infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in muscle injury. Immunopositive staining (green) of Ly6G⁺ and F4/80⁺ cells represent neutrophils and macrophages, respectively, on CTX-injured muscle sections. Consecutives sections were used and the same injured loci were evaluated. Scale = 100 μm.