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. 2018 Jul 25;9:1725. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01725

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Copyright © 2018 Moonen, Alders, Bontkes, Schoenmaker, Nicu, Loos and de Vries.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gene expression of cell adhesion molecules of gingival fibroblast (GF) mono- and cocultures. Relative gene expression of adhesion molecules after 14 (white bars) and 21 days (gray bars) of culture. Gene expression of (A) VCAM, (B) very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), (C) intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and (D) LFA-1. No significant differences were found in VCAM and VLA-4 expression (A,B) while LFA-1 and ICAM-1 (C,D) expression is significantly increased in cocultures in comparison to GF monocultures. No significant differences were found over time. All genes are expressed relative to the geometric mean of housekeeping genes hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD). Data are presented as means ± SEM. All significant differences were compared to GF monocultures. n = 4 GF donors, *p < 0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001.