Table 1.
Studies investigating antidepressant interventions targeting inflammation, kynurenine or BH4 pathways.
| Population/model | Treatment | Main outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical trials | |||
| Akhondzadeh et al., 2009 | n = 40 Depressed patients | COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) | Improvement of antidepressant treatment |
| Müller et al., 2006 | n = 40 Depressed patients | COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) | Improvement of antidepressant treatment |
| Kappelmann et al., 2018 (review and meta-analysis) | Chronic inflammatory conditions | Anti-cytokines | ↙Depressive symptoms |
| Arisoy et al., 2013 | n = 9 patients Ankylosing spondylitis | TNFα blockers (infliximab) | ↙Depression and anxiety scores |
| Fleming et al., 2015 (databases review) | n = 464 patients Psoriasis | TNFα blockers | ↙Depressive symptoms |
| Raison et al., 2013 | n = 60 Depressed patients | TNFα blockers (infliximab) | ↙Depressive symptoms |
| Emery et al., 2007 | n = 13 Obese women | Weight loss (gastric bypass) | ↙Depressive symptoms |
| ↙Inflammatory blood markers (CRP levels) | |||
| Pan et al., 2011 | Case report (treatment refractory suicidal ideation) | Sapropterin | Mood improvement |
| Curtius et al., 1983 | Case report | BH4 | Mood improvement |
| Woggon et al., 1984 | Case report | BH4 | No mood change |
| Preclinical studies | |||
| Norden et al., 2015 | Mice (Cancer-related fatigue) | Ibuprofen | ↙Depressive-like behavior and fatigue-like (FST/wheel running) |
| ↙IL-1b and IL-6 in hippocampus | |||
| Zaminelli et al., 2014 | Rats (rotenone Parkinson model) | Ibuprofen | ↙Depressive-like behavior (FST) |
| Fu et al., 2016 | Stressed rats (UCMS) | TNFα blockers (infliximab) | ↙Depressive-like behavior |
| ↙Brain IDO and HAAO mRNA expression | |||
| Bayramgürler et al., 2013 | Rats | TNFα blockers (etanercept) | ↙Depressive-like behavior (FST) |
| Laumet et al., 2017 | Mice (spared nerve injury) | (IL-1RA KMO inhibitor (Ro 61-8048) | ↙Depressive-like behavior (FST) |
| ↙Brain KMO mRNA expression | |||
| ↙Depressive-like behavior (FST) | |||
| Dobos et al., 2012 | Mice (LPS) | 1-MT | ↙Depressive-like behavior |
| Corona et al., 2013 | Mice (LPS) | 1-MT | ↙Depressive-like behavior (TST) |
| Xie et al., 2014 | Rat (pilocarpine) | 1-MT | ↙Depressive-like behavior (FST) |
| ↙Brain IDO mRNA expression and activity | |||
| O’Connor et al., 2009c | Mice | 1-MT | ↙Depressive-like behavior |
| Gibney et al., 2014 | (LPS) | Minocycline | (TST/FST) |
| Rats (restraint stress) | Allopurinol | Brain IDO mRNA expression and activity | |
| ↙Depressive-like behavior (FST) | |||
| ↙Circulating kyn/tryp | |||
COX-2, cyclo-oxygenase-2; UCMS, unpredictable chronic mild stress; FST, forced swim test; TST, tail suspension test; IL-1RA, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; KMO, kynurenine 3-hydroxylase; 1-MT, 1-methyl tryptophan (IDO inhibitor); LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IDO, indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase; HAAO, hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase.