Table III.
Examples of the operationalization and conceptualization of well-being from the articles included in the review.
| Operationalization (mainly quantitative studies) | Article | |
|---|---|---|
| Experienced well-being | Modified MED NORD 10 items (including stress, exhaustion, anxiety, and lack of interest) Modified MED NORD 10 items (including stress, exhaustion, anxiety, and lack of interest) |
Stubb et al., 2012 Anttila et al., 2015 |
| Subjective well-being | Composite Affect Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and domain-specific measures of subjective well-being | Pychyl & Little, 1998 |
| Well-being | 58-item questionnaire covering development, facilities, home and health, research, social, supervisor, and university | Juniper et al., 2012 |
| Lack of well-being, such as burnout | Modified Doctoral Experience Survey eight items (including stress, exhaustion and cynicism) | Cornér et al., 2017 |
| Well-being | Job satisfaction, perceived stress scale, and sleeping problems | Caesens et al., 2014 |
| Experienced socio-psychological well-being | “How do you see your own role as a PhD student in your scholarly community?” Modified MED NORD 10 items (including stress, exhaustion, anxiety, and lack of interest) |
Stubb et al., 2011 Pyhältö & Keskinen, 2012 |
| Emotional well-being | Emotional exhaustion scale | Hunter & Devine, 2016 |
| Overall well-being | Clinical Psychology Doctoral Student Self-Care Survey including eight item Flourishing Scale | Zahniser, Rupert, & Dorociak, 2017 |
| Psychological well-being | Quality in PhD Processes Questionnaire including seven items on loneliness, insecurity, and exhaustion | Herrmann & Wichmann-Hansen, 2017 |
| Spiritual well-being | 20-item spiritual well-being scale consisting of religious and existential well-being dimension | Ziapour et al., 2017 |
| Conceptualization (mainly qualitative studies) | ||
| Overall well-being | Shaped by a) academic mask, b) private self, c) other selves, d) protection of self, and e) disadvantages of the academic mask | Shavers & Moore, 2014 |
| Perceptions and experiences of well-being | Interaction between external and individual factors comprise the experiences of well-being, like “white-water rafting” | Schmidt & Umans, 2014 |
| Perceived well-being | An individual and social process that is constantly evolving and unique | Haynes et al., 2012 |
| Well-being | Needed for maintaining a school-work-life-balance and concerned with managing stress levels, maintaining mental and physical health, and creating personal time | Martinez et al., 2013 |
| Researcher well-being | Emotionally demanding research depletes researcher well-being | Kumar & Cavallaro, 2018 |