Table 2.
Comparison between office workers with and without neck paina (n = 740).
| Variables | No Pain (n = 281) | Pain (n = 459) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual factors, mean (SD) | ||||
| Physical measures | ||||
| Cervical flexion ROM (degrees) | 62.51 (9.93) | 61.29 (9.84) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.10 |
| Cervical extension ROM (degrees) | 66.02 (12.54) | 66.73 (13.24) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.47 |
| Cervical right rotation ROM (degrees) | 63.97 (10.23) | 64.52 (9.74) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.48 |
| Cervical left rotation ROM (degrees) | 65.14 (10.50) | 65.63 (9.35) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.51 |
| Cervical flexor muscle strength (kg) | 13.97 (6.07) | 12.31 (5.45) | 0.95 (0.93–0.98) | <0.01 |
| Cervical flexor muscle endurance (s) | 42.01 (19.34) | 41.16 (20.80) | 0.99 (0.99–1.01) | 0.58 |
| Cervical extensor muscle strength (kg) | 19.14 (7.14) | 17.49 (7.01) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | <0.01 |
| Cervical extensor muscle endurance (s) | 88.97 (61.91) | 88.10 (62.55) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.86 |
| Shoulder lift muscle strength (kg) | 7.29 (3.20) | 6.63 (3.11) | 0.94 (0.89–0.98) | <0.01 |
| Shoulder lift endurance (repetitions) | 9.86 (4.44) | 10.18 (4.80) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.37 |
| Individual factors | ||||
| Others | ||||
| Highest level of education, n(%) | ||||
| Primary to Year 12 | 70 (9.46) | 97 (13.11) | Reference | Reference |
| University | 174 (23.51) | 282 (38.11) | 1.17 (0.82–1.68) | 0.40 |
| Trade College | 37 (5.00) | 80 (10.81) | 1.56 (0.95–2.56) | 0.08 |
| Comorbidities (total number), mean (SD) | 0.63 (0.94) | 0.64 (0.88) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.88 |
| Psychological distress (K6), mean (SD) | 3.06 (2.96) | 4.14 (3.42) | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) | <0.01 |
| Quality of life (AQOL), mean (SD) | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.81 (0.13) | 0.02 (0.01–0.08) | <0.01 |
| Fear avoidance beliefs (work), mean (SD) | 2.98 (1.69) | 3.77 (1.56) | 1.35 (1.23–1.48) | <0.01 |
| Fear avoidance beliefs (physical activity), mean (SD) | 7.52 (3.21) | 7.33 (3.05) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.42 |
| Exercise self-efficacy, mean (SD) | 22.43 (5.93) | 21.23 (5.59) | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.01 |
| IPAQ, n(%) | ||||
| Does not meet guidelines | 87 (11.76) | 167 (22.57) | 1.32 (0.96–1.84) | 0.09 |
| Meets guidelines | 166 (22.43) | 240 (32.43) | Reference | Reference |
| Exceeds guidelines | 28 (3.78) | 52 (7.03) | 1.28 (0.78–2.12) | 0.33 |
| Work-related factors, mean (SD) | ||||
| Occupation categoryc, n(%) | ||||
| Category 1 | 48 (6.49) | 94 (12.70) | 1.52 (0.99–2.33) | 0.06 |
| Category 2 | 123 (16.62) | 223 (30.14) | 1.40 (1.01–1.96) | 0.05 |
| Category 3 | 110 (14.86) | 142 (19.19) | Reference | Reference |
| Industry, n(%) | ||||
| Other | 37 (5.00) | 42 (5.68) | Reference | Reference |
| Private | 67 (9.05) | 130 (17.57) | 1.71 (1.00–2.91) | 0.05 |
| State government | 122 (16.49) | 187 (25.27) | 1.35 (0.82–2.22) | 0.24 |
| Federal government | 40 (5.41) | 61 (8.24) | 1.34 (0.74–2.44) | 0.33 |
| Local government | 15 (2.03) | 39 (5.27) | 2.29 (1.09–4.81) | 0.03 |
| Hours worked altogether last 7 days, mean (SD) | 39.77 (9.97) | 39.54 (9.13) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.75 |
| Computer hours per day at work, n(%) | ||||
| Less than 6 h | 58 (7.84) | 66 (8.92) | Reference | Reference |
| 6 h or more | 223 (30.14) | 393 (53.11) | 1.55 (1.05–2.29) | 0.03 |
| JCQ (social support), mean (SD) | 15.66 (2.52) | 15.42 (2.56) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.22 |
| JCQ (psychological demand), mean (SD) | 8.49 (2.54) | 8.74 (2.53) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.19 |
| JCQ (physical demand), mean (SD) | 3.33 (1.28) | 3.30 (1.30) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 0.79 |
| JCQ (job control), mean (SD) | 21.65 (3.24) | 21.32 (3.53) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.20 |
| Job satisfaction, mean (SD) | 5.10 (1.10) | 4.83 (1.13) | 0.80 (0.69–0.92) | <0.01 |
| Total ergonomic score, mean (SD) | 31.72 (3.02) | 31.78 (3.00) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.82 |
a
Participants were dichotomized into No Pain (0 out of 9) and Pain (>0 out of 9) for pain intensity on average last 3 months.
b
Univariate logistic regression p value.
c
Category 1 (manager, or senior official), Category 2 (professional, associate professional, technical or others), Category 3 (administrative, secretarial, or personal services).
%, cell percentage; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; JCQ, Job Content Questionnaire; ROM, range of motion; N/A, not applicable.