Table 4. Results of photodynamic therapy in cholangiocarcinoma.

Study (year)	Patients (n)	Study type	Serum bilirubin before and after PDT	Median survival (months)	Adverse events; n (%)†	Ref.
Ortner et al. (1998)	9	Single arm	18.6, 6	14.6	1(11), 0(0)	[51]
Berr et al. (2000)	23	Single arm	11.2, 1	11.1	3(13), 8(35)	[52]
Rumalla et al. (2001)	6	Single arm	2.7, 1.3	6	2(33), 2(33)	[53]
Dumoulin et al. (2003)	24	Single arm	13.3, 2.6	9.9	2(8), 5(21)	[54]
Ortner et al. (2003)	20	Randomized	Decreased	16.4	2(10), 5(25)	[50]
Harewood et al. (2005)	8	Single arm	7.7, 1.1	9.2	2(25), 2(25)	[55]
Zoepf et al. (2006)	32	Randomized	Decreased	21	NR	[56]
Witzigmann et al. (2006)	68	Single arm	Decreased	12.0	8(12), 38(56)	[57]
Prasad et al. (2007)	25	Single arm	6.1, 3.5	13.4	1(4), 2(8)	[58]
Kahaleh et al. (2008)	19	Comparative	6.3, 3.5	16.2	3(16), 7(37)	[59]
Quyn et al. (2009)	23	Comparative	Decreased	14.2	4(17), 5(21)	[60]
Cheon et al. (2012)	72	Comparative	9.9, 1.8	9.8	10(14), NR	[61]
Lee et al. (2012)	33	Comparative	8.5, 1.3	11.7	1(6), 1(6)	[62]

^†Photoxicity, cholangitis.

NR: Not reported; PDT: Photodynamic therapy.