Table 3.
Associations of Major Roadway and PM2.5 Exposure with Computed Tomography Measures of the Lung and Airway
| Difference in Outcome per Unit Increase in Exposurea (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|
| Lung volume, mL | |
| Close proximity to road | 58 (11, 106) |
| PM2.5 | 24 (−31, 80) |
| Lung mass, g | |
| Close proximity to road | 1.3 (−3.3, 5.9) |
| PM2.5 | −1.9 (−7.3, 3.5) |
| Median lung density, HU | |
| Close proximity to road | −1.1 (−3.2, 0.9) |
| PM2.5 | −1.3 (−3.8, 1.2) |
| Odds of emphysema | |
| Close proximity to road | 1.11 (0.92, 1.35) |
| PM2.5 | 1.10 (0.86, 1.39) |
| Airway wall area % | |
| Close proximity to road | 0.20 (−0.12, 0.52) |
| PM2.5 | 0.03 (−0.35, 0.41) |
| Airway lumen diameter, mm | |
| Close proximity to road | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.02) |
| PM2.5 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) |
a
Scaled from the 75th (429 m) to the 25th (66 m) percentile of the log-transformed distance to major roadway and per 2 μg/m3 for PM2.5. Adjusted for sex, age, height and height2, weight, education (no high school diploma, completed high school, some college, college degree or higher), median owner-occupied home value and population density from 2000 census tract, smoking status (former vs never), pack-years of smoking, smoking by others in household, cohort, and date of exam.