. 2018 Apr 13;96(6):2184–2194. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky132

Table 4.

Effect of diet characteristics on energy and nitrogen balance in growing pigs (DM basis)

Item	Dietary treatment¹						SEM	P-value
Item	CNTR	PALM	POUF	FISH	CORN	FLAX	SEM	P-value
BW, kg	41.67	40.14	40.50	42.40	40.95	41.04	1.10	0.74
DM intake, kg/d	1.40^a	1.23^b	1.22^b	1.24^b	1.23^b	1.21^b	0.02	<0.01
Nitrogen balance, g/d
Intake	38.9^a	30.4^b	28.0^b	29.6^b	29.0^b	28.7^b	0.71	<0.01
Fecal output	5.4^a	4.6^ab	4.0^ab	4.0^ab	3.4^b	3.9^ab	0.38	0.02
Urine output	7.3^a	5.3^ab	4.8^ab	4.4^b	4.8^ab	5.5^ab	0.61	0.04
Retention	26.2^a	20.6^b	19.2^b	21.2^b	20.8^b	19.4^b	0.90	<0.01
Energy utilization, %
Urinary energy, % DE	2.1	1.8	1.7	1.5	2.1	1.8	0.20	0.45
Methane energy, % DE	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.7	0.5	0.07	0.06
ME/DE	97.2	97.7	97.6	97.7	97.1	97.7	0.29	0.19
NE/ME	77.2^b	80.3^a	80.4^a	80.6^a	80.4^a	80.3^a	0.76	<0.01
Energy balance, kJ/kg BW^0.6/d
ME intake,	2,284	2,357	2,332	2,341	2,355	2,343	21.95	0.22
Total heat production	1,371^a	1,276^b	1,287^b	1,261^b	1,266^b	1,280^b	12.52	<0.01
Oxidation of carbohydrate²	1,610^a	1,313^b	1,265^b	1,261^b	1,247^b	1,246^b	37.13	<0.01
Oxidation of fat³	-417^b	-159^a	-95^a	-111^a	-108^a	-90^a	58.02	<0.01
Total heat production⁴_adjusted	1,380^a	1,245^b	1,269^b	1,238^b	1,236^b	1,256^b	12.50	<0.01
RE_P⁵	417^a	335^b	311^b	333^b	343^b	311^b	11.60	<0.01
RE_L⁶	496^b	746^a	731^a	746^a	751^a	751^a	24.67	<0.01
Energy retention	913^b	1,081^a	1,042^a	1,079^a	1,085^a	1,062^a	25.24	<0.01
Fasting heat production	819	808	790	802	814	819	11.18	0.44
Respiratory quotient
Fed state	1.10^a	1.04^b	1.03^b	1.03^b	1.02^b	1.03^b	0.01	<0.01
Fast state	0.82	0.83	0.82	0.83	0.82	0.82	0.01	0.77
Energy values, MJ/kg DM
GE	18.09	20.52	20.52	20.55	20.63	20.68	–	–
DE	15.86^b	18.14^a	18.25^a	18.32^a	18.57^a	18.59^a	0.14	<0.01
ME	15.41^b	17.72^a	17.82^a	17.90^a	18.03^a	18.16^a	0.15	<0.01
NE	11.90^b	14.23^a	14.33^a	14.43^a	14.49^a	14.58^a	0.17	<0.01

^a,bWithin a row means followed by the same letters are not different at P < 0.05.

¹CNTR = basal diet; PALM = diet containing 10% palm oil; POUF = diet containing 10% poultry fat; FISH = diet containing 10% fish oil; CORN = diet containing 10% corn oil; FLAX = diet containing 10% flaxseed oil.

²Oxidation of carbohydrate (kJ/kg BW^0.6·day⁻¹) = [−2.968 × O₂ + 4.147 × CO₂ −1.761 × CH₄ − 2.446 × Urinal N (g)] × 17.58/BW^0.6.

³Oxidation of fat (kJ/kg BW^0.6·d⁻¹) = [1.719 × O₂ (L) – 1.719 × CO₂ (L) – 1.719 × CH₄ (L) – 1.963 × UN (g)] × 39.76/BW^0.6.

⁴Total heat production _adjusted = Total heat production was adjusted to the same ME intake at 2.3 MJ ME/kg BW^0.6/day.

⁵RE_P = Energy retention as protein (kJ/kg BW^0.6/day) = [N intake (g) – N in feces (g) – N in urine (g)] × 6.25 × 23.86 (kJ/g)/BW^0.6.

⁶RE_L = Energy retention as fat (kJ/kg BW^0.6/day) = [RE (kJ) – energy retention as protein (kJ)]/BW^0.6.