Table 8.

Effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and added Cu on carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, Exp. 1¹

								Probability, P <
Added Cu,2 mg/kg:	0			150				Cu × Lys			SID Lys
SID Lys,3 %:	85.0	92.5	100.0	85.0	92.5	100.0	SEM	Linear	Quadratic	Cu	Linear	Quadratic
Carcass characteristics4
HCW, kg	92.6	94.7	94.3	93.3	94.6	96.7	1.15	0.346	0.290	0.170	0.007	0.619
Carcass yield,5 %	75.45	75.51	74.76	75.47	75.16	74.97	0.464	0.838	0.557	0.921	0.203	0.666
Backfat,6 mm.	16.3	16.8	15.7	16.0	16.3	16.0	0.43	0.745	0.509	0.765	0.553	0.215
Loin depth,6 mm.	69.6	68.8	68.8	68.8	69.6	70.6	0.66	0.0687	0.930	0.260	0.340	0.601
Lean,6 %	57.42	57.31	58.12	57.59	58.04	57.87	0.222	0.342	0.0578	0.249	0.040	0.696
Carcass performance
HCW ADG,9 kg	0.591	0.608	0.605	0.597	0.607	0.625	0.007	0.321	0.276	0.151	0.006	0.591
HCW G:F10	0.271	0.276	0.276	0.273	0.278	0.281	0.004	0.581	0.642	0.137	0.012	0.412
Liver color11
Lightness, L*12	32.55	31.18	32.24	31.48	31.05	32.08	0.594	0.431	0.888	0.160	0.800	0.191
Redness, a*13	14.86	15.01	14.71	14.77	14.09	13.71	0.359	0.206	0.537	0.027	0.097	0.912
Yellowness, b*14	6.42	5.59	6.19	6.75	5.61	5.68	0.461	0.357	0.271	0.303	0.163	0.695
Hue Angle, °15	0.399	0.409	0.389	0.424	0.370	0.379	0.199	0.376	0.186	0.647	0.170	0.639
Chroma16	16.24	16.43	16.02	16.28	15.23	14.98	0.488	0.266	0.404	0.071	0.125	0.908
Liver mineral concentration,11 mg/kg
Cu	13	13	12	33	39	26	3.27	0.393	0.105	0.001	0.182	0.092
Fe	196	221	211	200	203	205	11.43	0.654	0.368	0.437	0.344	0.322
Zn	62	59	59	59	57	55	2.29	0.566	0.806	0.095	0.099	0.841
Iodine value,11,17 g/100g
Backfat	82.63	81.75	82.21	82.64	82.44	83.36	0.901	0.530	0.942	0.406	0.869	0.433
Jowl fat	84.20	84.62	83.61	82.73	83.61	85.48	0.861	0.052	0.402	0.769	0.202	0.882

¹A total of 1,248 pigs [PIC 337 × 1050, PIC (Hendersonville, TN); initial BW = 29.0 ± 0.1 kg] were used in a 120 d study; 8 pens per treatment and 26 pigs per pen.

²Tribasic copper chloride (Intellibond C; Micronutrients, Inc.).

³SID Lys values are expressed as the percentage of estimated SID Lys requirement for these pigs in this environment and production stage.

⁴1,069 pigs (19 to 23 pigs/pen) were transported to a commercial packing plant for processing and data collection (Swift and Company, Worthington, MN) and 144 pigs (three pigs/pen) visually assumed to represent the mean live weight of the pen were subsampled and shipped to a separate processing facility for further carcass measurements (Natural Foods Holdings, Inc., Sioux Center, IA). The weighted average of the two plants were used for HCW, farm yield, and backfat.

⁵Carcass yield determined by dividing HCW at the plant by live BW at the farm prior to transport.

⁶HCW was used as a covariate.

⁷Effect of Cu within 100% SID Lys: P = 0.063.

⁸Effect of Cu within 92.5% SID Lys: P = 0.062.

⁹HCW ADG = (HCW – (day 0 wt × 75% yield)) ÷ 120 d.

¹⁰HCW G:F = (HCW – (day 0 wt × 75% yield)) ÷ (ADFI × 120).

¹¹Samples were collected from three pigs from each pen.

¹²L*, 0 = black, 100 = white.

¹³a* − values = green; + values = red.

¹⁴b* − values = blue; + values = yellow.

¹⁵Hue angle = tan⁻¹(b*/a*).

¹⁶Chroma = $\sqrt{a*+b*}$/L*.

¹⁷Calculated as iodine value = [C16:1] × 0.950 + [C18:1] × 0.860 + [C18:2] × 1.732 + [C18:3] × 2.616 + [C20:1] × 0.785 + [C20:4] × 3.201 + [C22:1] × 0.723 + [C22:5] × 3.697 + [C22:6] × 4.463; brackets indicate concentration. No evidence of main effects of Cu, Lys, or their interaction (P > 0.10) was observed for major FA, such as C16:0, C18:1, and C18:2 etc.; therefore, individual FA data were not shown.