Table 5.

Estimates of residual variance and variances of coefficients of regression on Legendre polynomials of age for temperament traits¹

Component	PS2		EV		TS
	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE
Residual	0.272	0.0068	0.322	0.0075	0.155	0.0039
Permanent environmental
Intercept	0.578	0.0850	0.768	0.0776	0.548	0.0700
Cov (intercept, linear)	–0.047	0.0418	0.043	0.0354	0.042	0.0258
Linear	0.269	0.0424	0.118	0.0302	0.135	0.0301
Cov (intercept, quadratic)	–0.018	0.0352			–0.042	0.0244
Cov (linear, quadratic)	–0.103	0.0266			–0.020	0.0156
Quadratic	0.056	0.0283			0.012	0.0168
Additive genetic
Intercept	0.620	0.1150	0.466	0.0970	0.522	0.0944
Cov (intercept, linear)	0.034	0.0514	–0.0004	0.0445	–0.005	0.0376
Linear	0.147	0.0437	0.205	0.0383	0.129	0.0296
Cov (intercept, quadratic)	0.004	0.0424	–0.023	0.0249	0.018	0.0283
Cov (linear, quadratic)	–0.074	0.0258	–0.106	0.0185	–0.073	0.0173
Quadratic	0.045	0.0231	0.066	0.0187	0.045	0.0152

¹Estimates for PS and TS are from a quadratic random regression model on Legendre polynomials for both permanent environmental and additive genetic effects. Estimates for EV were from a model that included a linear random regression of permanent environmental effects on Legendre polynomials of age and a quadratic random regression of additive genetic effects on Legendre polynomials of age.

²PS = pen score, a subjective measure of temperament, in which reactions of an individual calf to a constant experienced evaluator within a pen of three to five calves are scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = calm, 5 = excitable). EV = exit velocity, an objective measure of temperament, defined as the rate (m/s) in which a calf travels 1.83 m upon immediately exiting a squeeze chute. TS = temperament score, numerical average of pen score and exit velocity.