Table 1.
Comparison of the longitudinal impact of high school versus collegiate ASF participation
| Longitudinal ASF Data N = 148 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High School N = 61 |
Collegiate N = 87 |
|||||
| Anthropometrics and Blood Pressure |
Pre-Season | Post-Season | P-value* | Pre-Season | Post-Season | P-value* |
| Weight, Mean (SD), kg | 87 (16) | 86.6 (16)§ | 0.66 | 98 (18) | 100 (19)§ | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index, Mean (SD), kg/m2 | 26.5 (4.2) | 26.4 (4.2)§ | 0.62 | 28.9 (4.4) | 29.5 (4.4)§ | <0.001 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, Mean (SD), mmHg | 129 (12) | 131 (14)‖ | 0.29 | 131 (12) | 136 (12)‖ | 0.01 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure, Mean (SD), mmHg | 70 (8) | 74 (9) | 0.003 | 75 (10) | 76 (10) | 0.44 |
| Cardiac Structure and Function | ||||||
| Averaged LV Wall Thickness†, Mean (SD), mm | 8.5 (0.7) | 8.9 (0.7)§ | 0.002 | 9.0 (0.9) | 10.0 (1.0)§ | <0.001 |
| LV Internal Diameter End-Diastole / Body Surface Area, Mean (SD), mm/m2 | 24.1 (2) | 24.6 (2)§ | 0.02 | 22.8 (3) | 23.2 (2)§ | 0.16 |
| LV Mass / Body Surface Area, Mean (SD), gm/m2 | 89 (11) | 100 (12) | <0.001 | 90 (16) | 102 (13) | <0.001 |
| Relative Wall Thickness, Mean (SD) | 0.34 (0.04) | 0.35 (0.04)§ | 0.045 | 0.35 (0.04) | 0.39 (0.05)§ | <0.001 |
| EF, Mean (SD), % | 59.4 (4) | 59.0 (4) | 0.37 | 62 (5) | 59 (5) | <0.001 |
| Global Longitudinal Strain, Mean (SD), % | 19.6 (2) | 19.8 (2) | 0.69 | 20.0 (2) | 19.7 (2) | 0.41 |
| Trans-Mitral E, Mean (SD), cm/s | 94 (17) | 87 (13) | 0.003 | 89 (15) | 83 (15) | <0.001 |
| Trans-Mitral A, Mean (SD), cm/s | 37 (11) | 37.4 (9)‖ | 0.66 | 43 (10) | 41 (8)‖ | 0.31 |
| Trans-Mitral E/A Ratio, Mean (SD) | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.4 (0.7)§ | 0.03 | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.5)§ | 0.03 |
| Tissue-Doppler LV E′‡, Mean (SD), cm/s | 15.2 (2) | 14.9 (2.6) | 0.40 | 16.2 (2.5) | 14.2 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Vascular Function | ||||||
| Pulse Wave Velocity, Mean (SD), m/s | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.6)§ | 0.13 | 4.7 (0.7) | 5 (0.7)§ | 0.003 |
| Augmentation Index, Mean (SD), % | 3.5 (17) | −2 (14)‖ | 0.03 | 1.7 (13) | 3.0 (17)‖ | 0.62 |
| Subendocardial Viability Ratio, Mean (SD) | 147 (37) | 160 (34)‖ | 0.004 | 157 (31) | 151 (28)‖ | 0.11 |
ASF American-style football; EF ejection fraction; LV left ventricle
*
Paired t-test (pre- to post-season measurement) derived p-value
†
Averaged LV Wall Thickness = Interventricular Septum + Posterior Wall Thickness / 2
‡
Averaged E′ (cm/s) = lateral E′ velocity + septal E′ velocity / 2
§
2-sample t-test comparison of post-season high school vs. collegiate measurement, P<0.001
‖
2-sample t-test comparison of post-season high school vs. collegiate measurement, P<0.05