Extended Data Figure 9. The level of circulating exosomal PD-L1 distinguishes the clinical responders from non-responders to pembrolizumab treatment.

a, The levels of PD-L1 on circulating microvesicles at serial time points pre- and on-treatment (n = 39). b, The frequency of PD-1⁺ Ki-67⁺ CD8 T cells and the level of circulating exosomal PD-L1 in clinical responders at serial time points pre- and on-treatment (n = 8). c, Pearson correlation of the maximum level of circulating exosomal PD-L1 at Week 3–6 to the maximum frequency of PD-1⁺Ki-67⁺ CD8 T cells at Week 3–6 in clinical responders (n = 8) and non-responders (n = 11). d, Pearson correlation of the maximum fold change of circulating exosomal PD-L1 level at Week 3–6 to the maximum fold change of PD-1⁺Ki-67⁺ CD8 T cells at Week 3–6 in clinical responders (n = 8) and non-responders (n = 11). e, Kaplan-Meier progression-free and overall survival of patients with high (n = 11) and low (n = 12) fold changes of circulating exosomal PD-L1 at 3–6 weeks. f, Comparison of the maximum fold change of total circulating PD-L1 at Week 3–6 between the clinical responders and non-responders. “R”: responders, n = 19; “NR”: non-responders, n = 20. g, Comparison of the maximum fold change of circulating microvesicle PD-L1 at Week 3–6 between the clinical responders (n = 19) and non-responders (n = 20). h, Comparison of the maximum fold change of EV-excluded PD-L1 at Week 3–6 between the clinical responders (n = 19) and non-responders (n = 20). Data represent mean ± s.d. Statistical analyses were performed using two-sided paired t-test (a), log-rank test (e), or two-sided unpaired t-test (f–h).