Extended Data Figure 10. Circulating exosomal PD-L1 is a potential rationale-based and clinically accessible predictor for clinical outcomes of anti-PD-1 therapy.

a, Tracking the levels of circulating exosomal PD-L1 before and during anti-PD-1 treatment may stratify responders (green) from non-responders (red) to anti-PD-1 therapy as early as 3–6 weeks into the treatment. b, Diagram for the potential application of circulating exosomal PD-L1 to predict patients’ response to anti-PD-1 therapy. The pre-treatment level of circulating exosomal PD-L1 is lower in metastatic melanoma patients with clinical response to anti-PD-1 therapy. After 3–6 weeks of anti-PD-1 treatment, the level of circulating exosomal PD-L1 increases significantly in clinical responders but not in non-responders. c, Tracking both the pre-treatment and on-treatment levels of circulating exosomal PD-L1 may help define the possible reasons involved in the success (green) or failure (red) of the therapy.