Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants (N = 577)
| Characteristic | Total N = 577 |
AZ N = 191 |
KYR N = 146 |
UA N = 240 |
p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 494 (85.6) | 179 (93.7) | 125 (85.6) | 190 (79.2) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 83 (14.4) | 12 (6.3) | 21 (14.4) | 50 (20.8) | |
| Age, years; mean (S.D.) | 34.9 (9.0) | 39.4 (8.1) | 36.5 (9.7) | 30.4 (6.9) | < 0.001 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 360 (62.4) | 76 (39.8) | 95 (65.1) | 189 (78.8) | < 0.001 |
| Has a partner | 217 (37.6) | 115 (60.2) | 51 (34.9) | 51 (21.2) | |
| Religion | |||||
| Christian | 290 (50.3) | 0 (0.0) | 72 (49.3) | 218 (90.8) | < 0.001 |
| Muslim | 258 (44.7) | 186 (97.4) | 72 (49.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 29 (5.0) | 5 (2.6) | 2 (1.4) | 22 (9.2) | |
| Education | |||||
| Completed high school | 341 (59.1) | 71 (37.2) | 83 (56.8) | 187 (77.9) | < 0.001 |
| Less than high school | 236 (40.9) | 120 (62.8) | 63 (43.2) | 53 (22.1) | |
| Income pre-incarceration | |||||
| Above poverty line | 279 (48.4) | 85 (44.5) | 92 (63.0) | 102 (42.5) | < 0.001 |
| Below poverty line | 298 (51.6) | 106 (55.5) | 54 (37.0) | 138 (57.5) | |
| Recidivism | |||||
| First time | 245 (42.5) | 97 (50.8) | 29 (19.9) | 119 (49.6) | < 0.001 |
| Previously incarcerated | 332 (57.5) | 94 (49.2) | 117 (80.1) | 121 (50.4) | |
| History of injecting drugs | |||||
| No | 114 (19.8) | 30 (15.7) | 37 (25.3) | 47 (19.6) | 0.088 |
| Yes | 463 (80.2) | 161 (84.3) | 109 (74.7) | 193 (80.4) | |
| Duration of injecting drug use, years (among 463 who reported injecting), mean (S.D.) | 15.4 (8.7) | 19.3 (8.6) | 15.0 (9.7) | 12.4 (7.0) | < 0.001 |
| Recent injecting drug use, 30 days prior to current incarceration | |||||
| None | 244 (42.3) | 55 (28.8) | 93 (63.7) | 96 (40.0) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate (1–14 days) | 186 (32.2) | 98 (51.3) | 26 (17.8) | 62 (25.8) | |
| Heavy (15–30 days) | 147 (25.5) | 38 (19.9) | 27 (18.5) | 82 (34.2) | |
| History of opioid drug use | |||||
| No | 126 (21.9) | 25 (13.1) | 39 (26.9) | 62 (25.8) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 450 (78.1) | 166 (86.9) | 106 (73.1) | 178 (74.2) | |
| History of being prescribed OAT | |||||
| No | 453 (78.5) | 189 (99.0) | 42 (28.8) | 222 (92.5) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 124 (21.5) | 2 (1.0) | 104 (71.2) | 18 (7.5) | |
| Alcohol use disorderb | |||||
| No | 305 (52.9) | 152 (79.6) | 65 (44.5) | 88 (36.7) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 272 (47.1) | 39 (20.4) | 81 (55.5) | 152 (63.3) | |
| Moderate to severe depressionc | |||||
| No | 345 (59.8) | 120 (62.8) | 82 (56.2) | 143 (59.6) | 0.464 |
| Yes | 232 (40.2) | 71 (37.2) | 64 (43.8) | 97 (40.4) | |
| Health-related quality of life: Physical Composite Score, mean (S.D.) | 48.0 (5.7) | 47.3 (4.7) | 44.9 (5.8) | 50.5 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
| Health-related quality of life: Mental Composite Score, mean (S.D.) | 41.9 (9.1) | 36.7 (6.5) | 38.3 (8.1) | 48.2 (7.4) | < 0.001 |
| Social Support, mean (S.D.)d | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.1 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.1) | 0.009 |
| HIV status | |||||
| Negative | 481 (83.4) | 178 (93.2) | 120 (82.2) | 183 (76.2) | < 0.001 |
| Positive and aware | 58 (10.1) | 11 (5.8) | 14 (9.6) | 33 (13.8) | |
| Positive and unaware | 38 (6.6) | 2 (1.0) | 12 (8.2) | 24 (10.0) | |
| Hepatitis C status | |||||
| Negative | 137 (23.7) | 47 (24.6) | 38 (26.0) | 52 (21.7) | 0.585 |
| Positive | 440 (76.3) | 144 (75.4) | 108 (74.0) | 188 (78.3) | |
| Hepatitis B status | |||||
| Negative | 537 (93.1) | 179 (93.7) | 137 (93.8) | 221 (92.1) | 0.734 |
| Positive | 40 (6.9) | 12 (6.3) | 9 (6.2) | 19 (7.9) | |
| Syphilis | |||||
| Negative | 521 (90.3) | 185 (96.9) | 116 (79.5) | 220 (91.7) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 56 (9.7) | 6 (3.1) | 30 (20.5) | 20 (8.3) | |
| Multi-comorbidity index; mean (S.D.)e | 5.7 (5.4) | 5.9 (6.1) | 6.2 (5.6) | 5.2 (4.7) | 0.157 |
| Medical screening: weight change over 5% during 1 month | |||||
| No | 480 (83.2) | 190 (99.5) | 76 (52.1) | 214 (89.2) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 97 (16.8) | 1 (0.5) | 70 (47.9) | 26 (10.8) | |
| Medical screening: hospitalization (last 30 days) | |||||
| No | 558 (96.7) | 187 (97.9) | 131 (89.7) | 240 (100) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 19 (3.3) | 4 (2.1) | 15 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Symptoms indicative of tuberculosis (WHO Tuberculosis screening)f | |||||
| Not indicative of TB | 457 (79.2) | 182 (95.3) | 70 (47.9) | 205 (85.4) | < 0.001 |
| Indicative of TB | 120 (20.8) | 9 (4.7) | 76 (52.1) | 35 (14.6) | |
For categorical variables, data is presented in the form N (%) and for continuous variables mean (S.D.). Values may not sum up to totals due to missing values, and percentages may not sum up to 100 due to rounding
AZ Azerbaijan, KYR Kyrgyzstan, UA Ukraine, OAT opioid agonist therapy, WHO World Health Organization, S.D. standard deviation
ap value for the ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables
bScreening positivity threshold for AUDIT is 8 or higher for males and 4 or higher for females
cScreening positivity threshold for CES-D 10 scale is 10 or higher
dInteger-valued scale that ranges from 1 (no support) to 5 (high support)
eMulti-comorbidity index is a weighted sum of the following comorbid conditions: asthma, skin ulcers, abscesses, arthritis/joint pain, gonorrhea, and other STIs (except syphilis), seizures, high blood pressure, liver problems, pneumonia, cancer, heart disease, and tuberculosis. Weights are based on whether the condition is acute (1) or chronic (3) and symptomatic (1) versus asymptomatic (0). Minimum and maximum index value is 0 and 26, respectively. HIV, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and syphilis are analyzed separately and not included into the multi-comorbidity index
fScreening is indicative of tuberculosis if an individual had cough for at least 2 weeks or both production of sputum and unexplained weight loss in the last 3 months