Table 2.
Associations between micro-risk environment framework factors and sexual and reproductive health (abortion and miscarriage) among substance-using women recruited from community correction sites in New York City (N = 299)
| Variable | Total | History of abortion (n = 157) | History of miscarriage (n = 137) |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 299) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Individual factors | |||
| Demographic factors | |||
| Age [mean (SD, range)] | 42.0 (10.0, 18–62) | 40.9 (10.0, 19–58) | 42.7 (9.7, 20–58) |
| 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Black or African American | 199 (67%) | 97 (62%) | 85 (62%) |
| Hispanic or Latina | 51 (17%) | 31(20%) | 26 (19%) |
| Other | 49 (16%) | 29 (19%) | 26 (19%) |
| 1.29 (0.95, 1.75) | 1.25 (0.93, 1.69) | ||
| Biological factors | |||
| HIV-positive | 41 (14%) | 19 (12%) | 15 (11%) |
| 0.75 (0.39, 1.45) | 0.63 (0.32, 1.25) | ||
| Any STI | 78 (26%) | 34 (22%) | 35 (36%) |
| 0.62 (0.37, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.57, 1.60) | ||
| Substance use factors (ever) | |||
| Binge drinking | 167 (56%) | 95 (61%) | 83 (61%) |
| 1.49 (0.94, 2.36) | 1.43 (0.90, 2.26) | ||
| Heroin | 61 (20%) | 33 (21%) | 26 (19%) |
| 1.08 (0.62, 1.91) | 0.85 (0.48, 1.50) | ||
| Crack cocaine | 240 (80%) | 125 (80%) | 109 (80%) |
| 0.92 (0.52, 1.62) | 0.92 (0.52, 1.63) | ||
| Micro-physical risk environment | |||
| Homelessness, past 90 days | 31 (10%) | 13 (8%) | 10 (7%) |
| 0.622 (0.29, 1.32) | 0.53 (0.24, 1.17) | ||
| <HS diploma/no formal education | 126 (42%) | 59 (38%) | 58 (42%) |
| 0.67 (0.43, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.61) | ||
| Micro-social risk environment | |||
| Relationship status | |||
| In a relationship | 244 (82%) | 126 (80%) | 110 (80%) |
| Not in a relationship | 55 (18%) | 31 (20%) | 27 (20%) |
| 0.83 (0.46, 1.49) | 0.85 (0.47, 1.53) | ||
| Marital status | 251 (84%) | 135 (86%) | 115 (84%) |
| Single | 48 (16%) | 22 (14%) | 22 (16%) |
| Married | 1.38 (0.74, 2.56) | 1.00 (0.54, 1.86) | |
| Lifetime history of intimate partner violence (IPV) | |||
| Minor physical IPV | 186 (62%) | 106 (68%)* | 100 (73%)** |
| 1.61 (1.01, 2.58) | 2.39 (1.47, 3.89) | ||
| Minor sexual IPV | 168 (56%) | 98 (62%)* | 88 (64%)* |
| 1.71 (1.08, 2.71) | 1.84 (1.16, 2.93) | ||
| Severe physical and/or sexual IPV | 174 (58%) | 100 (64%)* | 94 (69%)** |
| 1.61 (1.02, 2.56) | 2.24 (1.39, 3.60) | ||
| Micro-economic risk environment | |||
| Unemployment | 272 (91%) | 137 (87%)* | 124 (91%) |
| 2.82 (1.15, 6.88) | 1.11 (0.50, 2.45) | ||
| Monthly income <$400 | 169 (57%) | 85 (54%) | 69 (50%) |
| 1.23 (0.78, 1.94) | 1.59 (1.00, 2.52) | ||
| Sex trading (past 90 days) | 79 (26%) | 47 (30%) | 36 (26%) |
| 1.47 (0.87, 2.47) | 0.99 (0.49, 1.65) | ||
| Micro-policy/legal risk environment | |||
| Community supervision | |||
| Ever arrested | 296 (98%) | 154 (98%) | 136 (99%) |
| 1.11 (0.22, 5.58) | 4.33 (0.50, 37.53) | ||
| Arrested due to drug charge | 156 (52%) | 72 (46%)* | 70 (52%) |
| 0.59 (0.37, 0.93) | 0.92 (0.59, 1.46) | ||
| Ever in jail | 266 (89%) | 141 (90%) | 120 (88%) |
| 1.20 (0.58, 2.47) | 0.77 (0.38, 1.60) | ||
| Ever in prison | 124 (42%) | 61 (39%) | 60 (44%) |
| 0.80 (0.50, 1.26) | 1.19 (0.75, 1.89) | ||
| Ever in community court, probation, or parole | 269 (90%) | 142 (90%) | 124 (91%) |
| 1.12 (0.53, 2.38) | 1.12 (0.52, 2.39) | ||
| Health service utilization: did not receive health service, but needed service (past 90 days) | |||
| HIV counseling or education (n = 146) | 36 (25%) | 20 (25%) | 22 (31%) |
| 1.08 (0.51, 2.30) | 1.89 (0.88, 4.06) | ||
| Birth control counseling or education (n = 200) | 25 (13%) | 15 (15%) | 14 (15%) |
| 1.52 (0.66, 3.56) | 1.62 (0.70, 3.77) | ||
| Reproductive health care (n = 188) | 37 (20%) | 19 (20%) | 22 (25%) |
| 1.07 (0.52, 2.20) | 1.84 (0.89, 3.82) | ||
| Domestic violence counseling (n = 187) | 21 (11%) | 11 (11%) | 11 (12%) |
| 0.89 (0.36, 2.20) | 1.15 (0.47, 2.86) | ||
| Does not have a regular gynecologist | 110 (37%) | 62 (40%) | 56 (41%) |
| 0.78 (0.49, 1.26) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.16) | ||
*p < 0.05