Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate predictors of linkage to care within 90 days of release
| Independent variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Demographics and incarceration | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | (Reference) | – | (Reference) | – |
| Black | 1.26 (0.94–1.70) | 0.12 | 1.14 (0.84–1.56) | 0.40 |
| Hispanic | 2.12 (1.44–3.11) | 0.0001 | 2.33 (1.55–3.50) | < 0.0001 |
| Age (per 5 years in units) | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | < 0.0001 | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | 0.01 |
| Female gender (vs. male) | 1.27 (0.98–1.63) | 0.07 | 1.46 (1.10–1.94) | 0.009 |
| Days of incarceration | 1.002 (1.000–1.005) | 0.05 | 1.003 (1.000–1.006) | 0.02 |
| HIV risk factor | ||||
| Heterosexual | (Reference) | – | – | – |
| MSM (non-IDU) | 0.85 (0.66–1.08) | 0.18 | – | – |
| IDU | 1.15 (0.81–1.64) | 0.44 | – | – |
| SES/housing | ||||
| Ever married | 1.57 (1.22–2.02) | 0.0004 | 1.29 (0.97–1.71) | 0.08 |
| Family aware of HIV status | 1.16 (0.94–1.45) | 0.17 | – | – |
| Family supportive of HIV status | 1.18 (0.94–1.47) | 0.16 | – | – |
| Stable housing | 1.48 (1.16–1.89) | 0.0015 | 1.15 (0.85, 1.56) | 0.36a |
| Source of income | ||||
| Employed (vs. other) | 0.89 (0.59–1.35) | 0.59 | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | 0.14 |
| Disability benefits (vs. other) | 1.44 (1.13–1.84) | 0.004 | 1.27 (0.95–1.70) | 0.11 |
| h/o physical/sexual abuse | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 0.62 | – | – |
| Substance use | ||||
| At-risk alcohol use | 1.15 (0.72–1.85) | 0.56 | – | – |
| Tobacco use | 0.65 (0.52–0.81) | 0.0001 | – | – |
| Any illicit drug use | 0.80 (0.638–0.997) | 0.047 | ||
| Cannabis | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) | 0.03 | – | – |
| Club drug | 1.19 (0.78–1.80) | 0.43 | – | – |
| Cocaine | 1.03 (0.80–1.32) | 0.82 | – | – |
| Crack cocaine | 0.94 (0.70–1.24) | 0.64 | – | – |
| Heroin | 0.81 (0.53–1.26) | 0.35 | – | – |
| Opiates | 0.56 (0.12–2.71) | 0.47 | – | – |
| Methamphetamines | 0.61 (0.43–0.86) | 0.005 | – | – |
| Prescription medications | 1.77 (0.68–4.60) | 0.25 | – | – |
| Stimulant/opioid useb | 0.89 (0.71–1.10) | 0.28 | 0.72 (0.55–0.93) | 0.01 |
| Mental illness | ||||
| Any mental Illness | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.71 | – | – |
| Bipolar | 0.81 (0.64–1.04) | 0.10 | – | – |
| Schizophrenia/psychosis | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | 0.29 | – | – |
| Anxiety | 0.96 (0.66–1.41) | 0.83 | – | – |
| Depression | 0.97 (0.76–1.22) | 0.77 | – | – |
| PTSD | 0.63 (0.33–1.22) | 0.17 | – | – |
| Serious mental illnessc | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.09 | ||
| Stable housing | 0.96 (0.57–1.62) | 0.88 | ||
| Lack stable housing | 0.59 (0.43, 0.80) | 0.0008 | ||
| Prior HIV care | ||||
| Prior HIV clinic before incarceration | 1.90 (1.51–2.40) | < 0.0001 | 1.79 (1.33–2.40) | 0.0002 |
| Prescribed ART before incarceration | 1.53 (1.21–1.93) | 0.0003 | 0.70 (0.49–1.00) | .05 |
| Adherent to ART before incarceration | 2.13 (1.71–2.66) | < 0.0001 | 1.96 (1.43–2.69) | < 0.0001 |
| ART prescribed in jail | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) | 0.13 | – | – |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MSM men who have sex with men, IDU injection drug use, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, ART antiretroviral therapy
aThe p value for stable housing was no longer significant when the interaction term stable housing*mental illness was included in the final multivariate model
b“Stimulant/opioid Use” is a composite binary variable of any reported prior use of heroin, opiates, cocaine, crack cocaine, and/or methamphetamines
c“Serious Mental Illness” is a composite binary variable that includes any diagnosis with bipolar disorder and/or a psychotic illness