Table 4.
Strain, Twist and Untwist Parameters
| Time Point | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| BR−2 | BR7 | BR21 | BR31 | BR70 | BR+0 | BR+3 | |
| Longitudinal Strain (%) | |||||||
| CONT | −17.5 (−19.3 −15.8) | −16.2 (−18.0 −14.5) | −15.8 (−17.6 −14.1) | −16.2 (−17.9 −14.4) | −15.5 (−17.3 −13.7) | −15.8 (−17.6 −14.0) | −16.9 (−18.6 −15.1) |
| Ex | −18.2 (−20.4 −15.9) | −17.8 (−20.0 −15.5) | −18.6 (−20.9 −16.4) | −18.0 (−20.3 −15.8) | −16.9 (−19.1 −14.7) | −17.1 (−19.3 −14.9) | −18.6 (−20.8 −16.4) |
| ExT | −19.5 (−21.7 −17.3) | −17.0 (−19.2 −14.8) | −18.1 (−20.3 −15.9) | −17.0 (−19.2 −14.8) | −16.0 (−18.1 −13.8) | −16.4 (−17.5 −13.2) | −17.1 (−19.3 −14.9) |
| Circumferential Strain (%) | |||||||
| CONT | −22.2 (−24.6 −19.8) | −22.0 (−24.3 −19.6) | −21.8 (−24.1 −19.4) | −21.8 (−24.2 −19.4) | −19.6 (−22.0 −17.2) | −20.1 (−22.5 −17.8) | −21.8 (−24.2 −19.4) |
| Ex | −20.0 (−23.4 −16.5) | −21.5 (−24.9 −18.0) | −22.8 (−26.3 −19.4) | −21.6 (−25.0 −18.1) | −23.9 (−27.3 −20.4) | −23.6 (−27.0 −20.1) | −23.1 (−26.6 −19.7) |
| ExT | −20.9 (−22.7 −19.1) | −20.8 (−22.5 −19.0) | −22.3 (−24.0 −20.5) | −21.7 (−23.5 −20.0) | −20.3 (−22.1 −18.6) | −20.8 (−22.5 −19.0) | −20.2 (−22.0 −18.5) |
| Radial Strain (%) | |||||||
| CONT | 39.3 (32.9– 45.7) | 35.5 (29.1–41.9) | 32.6 (26.2–39.0) | 33.2 (26.8–39.5) | 31.6 * (25.3–38.0) | 29.7 * (23.3–36.1) | 35.0 (28.6–41.3) |
| Ex | 39.8 (35.3–44.3) | 38.1 (33.6–42.7) | 40.6 (36.0–45.1) | 35.1 (28.5–37.6) | 37.8 (33.2–42.3) | 36.6 (32.1–41.2) | 38.0 (33.5–42.5) |
| ExT | 37.8 (33.8–41.7) | 40.6 (36.6–44.5) | 37.3 (33.3–41.2) | 38.1 (34.2–42.0) | 37.2 (33.2–41.1) | 39.4 (35.5–43.3) | 37.8 (33.9–41.7) |
| Basal Rotation (°) | |||||||
| CONT | −8.3 (−10.3 −6.3) | −7.8 (−9.8 −5.8) | −7.9 (−9.9 −5.9) | −8.5 (−10.5 −6.5) | −9.5 (−11.5 −7.5) | −9.0 (−11.0 −7.0) | −8.8 (−10.8 −6.9) |
| Ex | −6.1 (−7.3 −5.0) | −6.1 (−7.3 −4.9) | −7.1 (−8.2 −6.0) | −6.7 (−7.8 −5.6) | −6.2 (−7.3 −5.1) | −6.3 (−7.4 −5.1) | −5.6 (−6.7 −4.5) |
| ExT | −6.9 (−8.2 −5.6) | −7.3 (−8.6 −6.0) | −8.1 (−9.4 −6.8) | −7.9 (−9.2 −6.6) | −8.2 (−9.4 −6.9) | −8.6 (−9.9 −7.3) | −7.4 (−8.7 −6.1) |
| Apical Rotation (°) | |||||||
| CONT | 8.8 (6.1–11.4) | 13.6 * (10.9–16.2) | 12.8 * (10.2–15.5) | 15.8 * (13.1–18.4) | 15.0 * (12.3–17.6) | 15.1 * (12.5–17.7) | 12.1* (9.4–14.7) |
| Ex | 8.5 (6.2–10.9) | 12.9 * (10.6–15.3) | 11.3 (8.9–13.7) | 11.0 (8.6–13.4) | 10.4 (8.0–12.7) | 10.5 (8.2–12.9) | 10.7 (8.3–13.0) |
| ExT | 11.3 (8.6–14.0) | 14.5 * (11.8–17.2) | 12.6 (9.9–15.3) | 12.5 (9.8–15.2) | 14.3 (11.6–17.0) | 10.6 (7.9–13.3) | 9.9 (7.2–12.6) |
| Peak Twist (°) | |||||||
| CONT | 16.6 (13.5–19.7) | 21.5 * (18.4–24.6) | 20.1 * (17.0–23.2) | 23.9 * (20.8–27.0) | 24.1 * (21.0–27.2) | 23.7 * (20.7–26.8) | 20.6* (17.5–23.7) |
| Ex | 14.2 (12.0–16.4) | 18.9 * (16.6–21.1) | 17.1 (14.9–19.4) | 16.8 (14.6–19.0) | 15.8 (13.5–18.0) | 16.7 (14.4–18.9) | 14.2 (12.0–16.5) |
| ExT | 17.0 (14.2–19.8) | 21.8 * (19.0–24.6) | 19.7 (16.9–22.5) | 20.1 (17.3–22.9) | 21.0 (18.2–23.8) | 17.9 (15.1–20.7) | 16.2 (13.4–19.0) |
| Normalized Twist (°/cm) | |||||||
| CONT | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | 2.7 * (2.3–3.1) | 2.6 (2.1–2.9) | 3.0 * (2.7–3.4) | 3.1 * (2.7–3.5) | 3.1 * (2.7–3.5) | 2.6* (2.2–3.0) |
| Ex | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 2.3 * (2.0–2.5) | 2.1 (1.8–2.3) | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 2.0 (1.7–2.2) | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) |
| ExT | 2.1 (1.7–2.4) | 2.7 * (2.3–3.0) | 2.4 (2.1–2.8) | 2.5 (2.1–2.8) | 2.6 (2.2–2.9) | 2.2 (1.9–2.6) | 2.0 (1.6–2.3) |
| Peak Untwist (°/s) | |||||||
| CONT | −182.1 (−232.7 −131.4) | −244.3 * (−295.0 −193.7) | −281.4 * (−332.1 −230.8) | −237.0 * (−287.6 −186.4) | −255.5 * (−306.1 −204.9) | −248.3 * (−298.9 −197.7) | −202.4* (−256.5 −148.3) |
| Ex | −218.5 (−269.2 −167.8) | −223.3 (−274.0 −172.6) | −243.7 (−294.4 −193.0) | −250.4 (−301.1 −199.7) | −259.8 (−310.5 −209.1) | −226.0 (−276.8 −175.3) | −228.8 (−279.5 −178.1) |
| ExT | −237.3 (−290.1 −184.5) | −295.9 (−348.7 −243.0) | −257.2 (−310.1 −204.4) | −264.2 (−317.1 −211.4) | −235.9 (−288.8 −183.1) | −331.5 (−384.3 −278.6) | −249.2 (−302.0 −196.3) |
| Time to peak basal rotation (% systole) | |||||||
| CONT | 94.9 (87.1–102.8) | 92.6 (85.3–100.0) | 87.1 (79.7–94.4) | 86.5 (79.1–93.8) | 87.1 (79.8–94.5) | 90.1 (82.7–97.5) | 89.8 (82.5–97.2) |
| Ex | 94.6 (86.5–102.8) | 97.5 (94.4–110.7) | 98.2 (90.1–106.4) | 93.5 (85.3–101.6) | 91.2 (83.1–99.4) | 85.5 (77.4–93.7) | 88.7 (80.5–96.9) |
| ExT | 90.0 (81.4–98.5) | 91.6 (83.0–100.1) | 95.7 (87.2–104.2) | 91.1 (82.6–99.6) | 94.6 (86.1–103.1) | 86.7 (78.2–95.3) | 93.0 (90.5–107.5) |
| Time to peak apical rotation (% systole) | |||||||
| CONT | 89.8 (82.8–96.8) | 87.9 (80.9–94.9) | 88.8 (81.8–95.9) | 86.1 (79.1–93.1) | 90.2 (83.2–97.2) | 90.4 (83.4–97.5) | 84.0 (77.0–91.1) |
| Ex | 92.0 (88.8–103.1) | 91.5 (84.4–98.6) | 91.2 (84.0–98.3) | 93.3 (86.2–100.5) | 91.0 (83.5–98.6) | 93.4 (85.9–101.0) | 95.8 (93.7–97.9) |
| ExT | 89.7 (80.2–95.3) | 92.4 (90.3–104.5) | 94.5 (87.4–101.6) | 88.9 (81.9–96.0) | 91.3 (84.2–98.3) | 92.0 (84.9–99.1) | 89.1 (82.0–96.1) |
| Time to peak twist rotation (% systole) | |||||||
| CONT | 89.3 (83.6–95.1) | 90.5 (84.8–96.3) | 92.1 (86.4–97.9) | 85.2 (79.5–91.0) | 90.3 (84.6–96.1) | 92.4 (86.6–98.1) | 86.1 (80.4–91.9) |
| Ex | 93.0 (85.5–100.5) | 97.9 (90.4–105.4) | 92.6 (85.1–100.1) | 93.2 (85.7–100.7) | 92.1 (84.6–99.6) | 93.1 (85.6–100.6) | 96.6 (89.1–104.1) |
| ExT | 88.0 (82.0–93.9) | 95.6 (89.6–101.5) | 93.1 (87.2–99.0) | 88.9 (83.0–94.8) | 92.5 (86.5–98.4) | 86.7 (80.8–92.7) | 93.1 (87.2–99.1) |
BR, bed rest day; LV, left ventricular. Values are mean and 95% CI.
*
p<0.007 vs. BR−2.