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. 2018 Aug 16;8:12260. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29804-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Breaking pattern of MT molecules during axial stretch at different strain rates equal to (a) 4 × 10⁹ 1/s, (b) 1 × 10⁹ 1/s, and (c) 0.025 × 10⁹ 1/s. The filled arrow-heads point to the possible failure nucleation sites. The figures are showing more than one periodic images for visualizing the cracking site that cross the periodic boundary. Each periodic image contains 4 tubulin rings (marked in 4 different color). Note the rupture mechanisms of MT beyond ε = 0.24. Failure via inter-dimer (α–β) separation along the longitudinal direction is clearly visible.