Table 6.

Treatments for pathogenic LAB in aquaculture.

LAB species/treatments	Type of treatments	Studied species	References
Streptococcus agalactiae
Vaccine	Feed-based recombinant	Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)	Nur-Nazifah et al., 2014
	Oral DNA	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	Huang L. Y. et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2017
	FbsA and α-enolase	Nile tilapia	Yi et al., 2014
	SAΔphoB live attenuated vaccine	Golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)	Cai et al., 2017
	PLGA-LrrG protein microparticle	Nile tilapia	Ke et al., 2017
	GapA protein	Nile tilapia	Zhang Z. et al., 2017
Medical herbs	Sophora flavescens root extract	Nile tilapia	Wu et al., 2013
	Liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde	Zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Faikoh et al., 2014
	Essential oils	Nile tilapia	Brum et al., 2017
	Excoecaria agallocha leaf extracts	Nile tilapia	Laith et al., 2017
Probiotics	B. subtilis	Tilapia	Ng et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2017
	B. pumilus	Nile tilapia	Srisapoome and Areechon, 2017
	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Nile tilapia	Pinpimai et al., 2015
	Lb. rhamnosus	Nile tilapia	Pirarat et al., 2015
Prebiotics	β-glucan	Nile tilapia	Pilarski et al., 2017
	Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate	Nile tilapia	Van Doan et al., 2017a,b
Probiotics + Prebiotics	Kefir + low molecular weight sodium alginate	Nile tilapia	Van Doan et al., 2017b
	Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate + Lb. plantarum	Nile tilapia	Van Doan et al., 2017a
Streptococcus iniae
Vaccine	Formalin-killed cells Live S. iniae mutant strain Lb. lactis BFE920-SiMA feed vaccine DNA vaccines (pEno)	Nile tilapia Nile tilapia Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Nile tilapia	Klesius et al., 2000 Wang et al., 2014 Kim et al., 2016 Kayansamruaj et al., 2017
Medical herbs	Inositol Essential oils Aloe vera Spirulina platensis		Peres et al., 2004 Soltani et al., 2014 Gabriel et al., 2015 Adel et al., 2016
Probiotics and prebiotics	Grobiotic™AE B. subtilis and Lb. acidophilus	Hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) Nile tilapia	Li and Gatlin, 2004 Aly et al., 2008
	L. lactis	Olive flounder	Kim et al., 2013
	B. subtilis, S. cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae	Nile tilapia	Iwashita et al., 2015
	E. casseliflavus	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)	Safari et al., 2016
Nucleotides	Oligonucleotides	Hybrid striped bass	Li et al., 2004
	Nucleotides	Rainbow trout	Tahmasebi-Kohyani et al., 2011
Vitamins	Vitamin E	Nile tilapia	Lim et al., 2009
	Vitamin A	Nile tilapia	Guimarães et al., 2014
S. dysgalactiae S. parauberis S. uberis	Not available	Not available	Not available
Enterococcus faecalis
Medical plants	Tamarindus indica and Emblica officinalis leaves, Allium sativum bulb, and Syzygium aromaticum bud extracts	Nile tilapia, freshwater catfish (Clarias batrachus) and Asian stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis)	Rahman et al., 2017
Lactococcus garvieae
Vaccine	Autogenous formalin-inactivated Inactivated vaccine Ichtiovac-Lg Bivalent vaccine Subunit vaccines	Tilapia and rainbow trout Rainbow trout Rainbow trout and Olive flounder	Bercovier et al., 1997 Vendrell et al., 2007 Bastardo et al., 2012 Ra et al., 2009
Medical herbs	Essential oils Mushroom extracts Stinging nettle Extract of noni leaves Huanglian Jiedu decoction	Rainbow trout Rainbow trout Rainbow trout Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Gray mullet (Mugil cephalus)	Soltani et al., 2015 Baba et al., 2015 Saeidi Asl et al., 2017 Marisa Halim et al., 2017 Choi et al., 2014
Antibiotics	Lincomycin, tetracycline chloramphenicol Erythromycin, lincomycin, and oxytetracycline Erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and amoxicillin	Yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata) Yellow tail	Aoki et al., 1990 Kawanishi et al., 2005 Vendrell et al., 2006
Carnobacterium sp.	Not available	Not available	Not available