Figure 4.

Metformin reverses pain-related impairment in cognitive flexibility. A, Metformin delivered once daily (200 mg/kg i.p.) for 7 d completely reversed the pain-related deficit in set-shifting performance. B, Metformin-treated SNI animals made significantly less NRE and OE compared with SNI vehicle-treated controls and performed similarly to sham animals. C, Metformin reverses mechanical hypersensitivity with 7 d of daily injections. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni. Significant comparisons between the SNI vehicle group and the SNI metformin group: ‡SNI + veh and SNI + metformin. Significantly different compared with sham controls: ****p < 0.0001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.