Table 1.
Perioperative Outcomes of 1709 Patients Who Underwent Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy
| Variable | Surgeon 1 | Surgeon 2 | Surgeon 3 | Surgeon 4 | Surgeon 5 | Surgeon 6 | Total | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients, n | 544 | 884 | 118 | 19 | 89 | 55 | 1709 | — |
| Preoperative characteristics | ||||||||
| Age at prostatectomy, mean (SD) (years) | 61 (6) | 60 (7) | 59 (7) | 61 (7) | 61 (6) | 59 (8) | 60 (7) | 0.18 |
| BMI, mean (SD) (kg/m2) | 29 (5) | 30 (5) | 30 (5) | 31 (5) | 29 (5) | 28 (5) | 29 (5) | 0.04 |
| ASA score, mean (SD) | 2.0 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| PSA value, mean (SD) (ng/mL) | 7.1 (7.0) | 7.3 (76.9) | 6.9 (6.5) | 8.6 (12.0) | 9.4 (14.1) | 7.0 (7.2) | 7.3 (7.5) | 0.27 |
| Prostate weight, mean (SD) (g) | 47 (17) | 51 (20) | 44 (16) | 53 (18) | 47 (19) | 52 (57) | 49 (21) | <0.001 |
| Prior abdominal/pelvic surgery, n (%) | 159 (29) | 239 (27) | 30 (25) | 10 (53) | 33 (38) | 11 (20) | 482 (28) | 0.04 |
| Gleason grade, n (%) | ||||||||
| 6 | 217 (40) | 302 (34) | 37 (31) | 3 (16) | 5 (6) | 26 (47) | 590 (35) | |
| 3 + 4 | 174 (32) | 299 (34) | 47 (40) | 8 (42) | 47 (53) | 18 (33) | 593 (35) | |
| 4 + 3 | 81 (15) | 140 (16) | 25 (21) | 4 (21) | 19 (21) | 8 (15) | 277 (16) | |
| >7 | 72 (13) | 143 (17) | 9 (8) | 4 (21) | 18 (20) | 3 (5) | 249 (15) | <0.001 |
| High NCCN risk | 91 (17) | 194 (22) | 12 (10) | 4 (21) | 22 (25) | 7 (13) | 330 (19) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||||
| 0–3, n (%) | 425 (78) | 668 (76) | 94 (80) | 10 (53) | 58 (65) | 39 (71) | 1294 (76) | |
| 4–7, n (%) | 118 (22) | 214 (24) | 24 (20) | 9 (47) | 29 (33) | 15 (27) | 409 (24) | 0.008 |
| 8+, n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 6 (0.4) | |
| Nonadenocarcinoma, n (%) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.2) | 1.00 |
| History of cancer, n (%) | 46 (8) | 86 (10) | 9 (8) | 5 (26) | 13 (15) | 11 (20) | 170 (10) | 0.009 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 261 (48) | 400 (46) | 54 (46) | 10 (53) | 52 (58) | 31 (56) | 808 (48) | 0.18 |
| Operative outcomes | ||||||||
| Operative time, median (IQR) (minutes) | 277 (240–311) | 182 (151–210) | 274 (220–327) | 216 (190–256) | 354 (320–389) | 286 (250–342) | 221 (176–283) | <.001 |
| EBL, median (IQR) (mL) | 200 (100–350) | 150 (100–300) | 225 (100–488) | 150 (100–225) | 250 (150–400) | 200 (100–300) | 200 (100–300) | <.001 |
| Lymph node dissection, n (%) | ||||||||
| None | 256 (47) | 420 (48) | 49 (42) | 6 (32) | 1 (1) | 33 (60) | 765 (45) | |
| Unilateral | 94 (17) | 6 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 5 (9) | 106 (6) | |
| Bilateral | 194 (36) | 458 (52) | 69 (58) | 12 (63) | 88 (99) | 17 (31) | 838 (49) | <0.001 |
| Nerve sparing, n (%) | ||||||||
| None | 53 (10) | 69 (8) | 12 (10) | 4 (21) | 15 (17) | 8 (15) | 163 (9) | |
| Unilateral | 163 (30) | 133 (15) | 36 (31) | 10 (53) | 41 (46) | 10 (18) | 393 (23) | |
| Bilateral | 328 (60) | 680 (77) | 69 (59) | 5 (26) | 33 (37) | 37 (67) | 1152 (68) | <0.001 |
| Pathologic outcomes | ||||||||
| pT3/T4, n (%) | 209 (38) | 340 (38) | 47 (40) | 10 (53) | 54 (61) | 19 (35) | 709 (42) | 0.01 |
| LNY, mean (SD) | 3 (5) | 4 (5) | 4 (4) | 4 (5) | 8 (5) | 2 (4) | 4 (5) | <0.001 |
| LNY, median (IQR) | 1 (0–6) | 2 (0–7) | 2 (0–7) | 2 (0–10) | 8 (4–11) | 0 (0–3) | 2 (0–7) | <0.001 |
| N1, n (%) | 18 (3) | 21 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 7 (8) | 1 (2) | 48 (3) | <0.001 |
| Positive soft tissue surgical margins, n (%) | 168 (31) | 192 (22) | 38 (32) | 6 (32) | 24 (27) | 11 (20) | 439 (26) | 0.002 |
Boldface indicates statistically significant values.
SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; ASA score = American Society of Anesthesiologists score; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; NCCN = National Comprehensive Cancer Network; EBL = estimated blood loss; LNY = lymph node yield.