Table 1.

Overview of circulating lncRNAs in prostate cancer. PCa = prostate cancer, BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia, ROC = receiver operating characteristic, AUC = area under the curve, DRE = digital rectal exam, PSA = prostate-specific antigen, mCRPC = metastatic castration-recurrent prostate cancer.

gene	reference	fluid	samples	main findings liquid lncRNA	analytical validation	clinical validation	clinical utility	normalization
PCA3	Nicholson et al., 2015	post-DRE urine	meta-analysis	prostate-cancer specific expression	extensively assessed	extensively assessed	assessed	meta-analysis
MALAT1	Ren et al., 2013	plasma and serum	8 PCa/25 PCa/87 PCa vs. 82 BPH vs. 23 healthy	stably detectable in plasma, able to discriminate between PCa and non-PCa, and between PCa and BPH; higher in PCa	stability (freeze/thaw, incubation time, storage time, acid-base treatment, RNase degradation).	tumor source, xenograft presence, ROC/AUC, sensitivity, specificity.	not assessed	fixed liquid/RNA volume
MALAT1	Xue et al., 2015	plasma	63 PCa, 32 BPH, 50 healthy	able to discriminate PCa from healthy controls and PCa from BPH, higher in PCa; panel of MD-miniRNA and PSA has better performance	not assessed	ROC/AUC	not assessed	β-actin
MALAT1	Wang et al., 2014	post-DRE urine	218 (discovery), 216 (multicenter validation)	MALAT1 score significantly higher in men with positive biopsy compared to negative biopsy; could avoid up to 47% avoidable biopsies in PSA grey zone without missing any high-grade cancers	not assessed	detection rate; AUC in univariate regression analysis and predictive accuracy and AUC in multivariable regression, in both overall patient group and PSA grey zone; Everything in discovery and validation cohort	net benefit, net reduction in avoidable biopsies, missed (high-grade) prostate cancers in both overall patient group and PSA grey zone; everything in discovery and validation cohort	normalisation intrinsic to calculation of the score
FR0348383	Zhang et al., 2015	post-DRE urine	213 cases with PSA > 4 ng/ml and/or abnormal DRE	high FR0348383 score correlated with probability of positive biopsy; could avoid up to 52% biopsies without missing any high grade cancers in PSA grey zone cohort	three different urine collections?	detection rate; predictive accuracy of variables in univariate and multivariable regression, ROC/AUC, in entire cohort and PSA grey zone cohort	net benefit, net reduction in avoidable biopsies, missed (high-grade) prostate cancer numbers in PSA grey zone cohort	normalisation intrinsic to calculation of the score
SCHLAP1	Prensner et al., 2014	post-DRE urine	256	higher expression in Gleason 7 vs. Gleason 6, and higher levels in high-risk vs. low-risk	not assessed	not assessed	not assessed	GAPDH/KLK3 average
GAS5	Isin et al., 2015	exosomes from post-DRE urine	30 PCa, 49 BPH	detected, but no difference between PCa and BPH	not assessed	not assessed	not assessed	GAPDH
lincRNA-p21	Isin et al., 2015	exosomes from post-DRE urine	30 PCa, 49 BPH	significant higher levels in PCa compared to BPH	not assessed	sensitivity and specificity.	not assessed	GAPDH
PCAT18	Crea et al., 2014	plasma	25 healthy, 25 primary PCa, 25 mCRPC	significant incremental increase from healthy individuals to primary PCa to mCRPC	not assessed	not assessed	not assessed	GAPDH and HPRT
AK024556, XLOC_007697, LOC100287482, XLOC_005327, XLOC_008559 and XLOC_009911	Lee et al., 2014	urine	13 PCa, 14 healthy	all six markers detected in urine, up-regulated compared to healthy urine	not assessed	not assessed	not assessed	GAPDH