Figure 1.

(a) Plasma concentration profiles of exendin-4 in normal rats following nasal administration of exendin-4 (30 µg/kg) with or without PTDs. Vertical bars indicate means ± SEM (n = 5–6). (b) LDH leakage in nasal fluid of normal rats following nasal administration of exendin-4 and exendin-4/PTD mixture. Five percent (w/v) sodium taurodeoxycholate was used as a positive control. The LDH leakage of positive control was set to 100%. Values are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 7). *p < .05 compared with the untreated group.