Table 2.

Overview of prognostic factors of SA in workers with common mental disorders

Factor	Result	Evidence	Outcome
Disease related factors
Duration of illness last 5 years		Insufficient
van der Werff et al. [38]	No effect		SA last 6 months
Past history of CMD		3+, 3ne
Rytsala et al. [28]	Positive		SA or at work
Souêtre et al. [24]	Positive		Past history of SA
Hendriks et al. [60]	No effect		No SA, <2 or >2 weeks
Recurrence
Rytsala et al. [28]	Positive		SA or at work
van der Werff et al. [38]	No effect		SA last 6 months
Hendriks et al. [60]	No effect		No SA, <2 or >2 weeks
Symptom severity		11+
Rytsala et al. [28]	Positive		SA or at work
Souêtre et al. [24]	Positive		Past history of SA
van der Werff et al. [38]	Positive		SA last 6 months
Verboom et al. [40]	Positive		days SA last 6 months
Lerner et al. [27]	Positive		SA past 2 weeks
Hees et al. [52]	Positive		% SA in last 4 weeks
Hjarsbech et al. [45]	Positive		>3 weeks SA last year
Hjarsbech et al. [51]	Positive		>3 weeks SA last year
Lexis et al. [35]	Positive		Days SA last 10 months
Stansfeld et al. [41]	Positive		Spells of SA 1991–1998
Hallsten et al. [46]	Positive		SA > 60 consecutive days
Body functions and structures
Agreeableness		2ne
Vlasveld et al. [53]	No effect		>2 weeks SA last 6 months
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Conscientiousness		1+, 1−
Vlasveld et al. [53]	Negative		>2 weeks SA last 6 months
Verboom et al. [40]	Positive		Days SA last 6 months
Extraversion		1−, 1ne
Vlasveld et al. [53]	Negative		>2 weeks SA last 6 months
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Openness		2ne
Vlasveld et al. [53]	No effect		>2 weeks SA last 6 months
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Neuroticism		2+
Vlasveld et al. [53]	Positive		>2 weeks SA last 6 months
Verboom et al. [40]	Positive		Days SA last 6 months
Locus of control		Insufficient
Vlasveld et al. [53]	Negative		>2 weeks SA last 6 months
Sleeping problems		2+
Lerner et al. [27]	Positive		SA past 2 weeks
Salo et al. [48]	Positive		SA episode > 9 days
Mental distress		2+
Foss et al. [36]	Positive		>8 weeks SA last 5 years
Roelen et al. [57]	Positive		>3 weeks SA last year
Fatigue severity		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [56]	Positive ♂ No effect ♀		>3 weeks SA last year
Reduced concentration		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [56]	Positive ♂ No effect ♀		>3 weeks SA last year
Activities
Activity limitations at work		Insufficient
Sanderson et al. [23]	No effect		SA days last 4 weeks
Low level of physical activity		1+, 1ne
Verboom et al. [40]	Positive		Days SA last 6 months
Mather et al. [63]	No effect		SA spell last 5 years
(Work) participation
Past history of absenteeism		5+
Souêtre et al. [24]	Positive		Past history of SA
Hallsten et al. [46]	Positive		SA > 60 consecutive days
Smith et al. [58]	Positive		Previous claim SA
Riihimaki et al. [59]	Positive		Time spent SA last 5 years
Elovainio et al. [50]	Positive		SA > 9 days last year
Environmental factors
Family history of depression		Insufficient
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Previous psychiatric treatment		1+, 1ne
Elovainio et al. [50]	Positive		SA > 9 days last year
Gasse et al. [49]	No effect		SA > 2 weeks
Size social network		Insufficient
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Social support (partner, friends)		Insufficient
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Having had social assistance		Insufficient
Riihimaki et al. [59]	No effect		Time spent SA last 5 years
Treatment condition (psychiatrist and psychologist vs no specialist)		Insufficient
Catalina-Romero et al. [39]	No effect		SA duration
Environmental work related factors
Autonomy		Insufficient
Smith et al. [58]	No effect		Days of full SA last 2 years
Benefit plan features (days between injury date and 1st day of compensation)		Insufficient
Smith et al. [58]	Positive		Days of full SA last 2 years
Coworker support		2ne
Munir et al. [44]	No effect		≥3 weeks SA last 2 years
Clumeck et al. [34]	No effect		SA incidence > 28 days
Decision latitude		Insufficient
Munir et al. [44]	Negative		≥3 weeks SA last 2 years
Effort reward imbalance		2ne
Janssens et al. [55]	No effect		SA ≥ 15 days last year
Norlund et al. [43]	No effect		Risk of unchanged SA level
Employment type (full-time vs part-time)		Insufficient
Smith et al. [58]	No effect		Days of full SA last 2 years
Having a non-permanent contract		Insufficient
Real et al. [64]	Negative		Long-term SA > 60 days
Function with time pressure		Insufficient
Smith et al. [58]	Positive		Days of full SA last 2 years
Industry-sector		Insufficient
Smith et al. [58]	No effect		Days of full SA last 2 years
Job control		3−, 2ne
Virtanen et al. [33]	Negative		SA > 7 days
Clumeck et al. [34]	Negative		SA incidence > 28 days
Norlund et al. [43]	Negative		Risk of unchanged SA level
Janssens et al. [55]	No effect		SA ≥ 15 days last year
Mather et al. [63]	No effect		SA spell last 5 years
Job demands		5+, 5ne
Virtanen et al. [33]	Positive ♀ No effect ♂		SA > 7 days
Clumeck et al. [34]	Positive ♂ No effect ♀		SA incidence > 28 days
Norlund et al. [43]	No effect		Risk of unchanged SA level
Janssens et al. [55]	No effect		SA ≥ 15 days last year
Hjarsbech et al. [51]	No effect		>3 weeks SA last year
Kivimaki et al. [37]	Positive		SA (yes vs no)
Melchior et al. [31]	Positive		Days of SA
Mather et al. [63]	Positive		SA spell last 5 years
Job strain		3+, 1ne
Virtanen et al. [33]	Positive		SA > 7 days
Clumeck et al. [34]	Positive		SA incidence > 28 days
Janssens et al. [55]	No effect		SA ≥ 15 days last year
Mather et al. [63]	Positive		SA spell last 5 years
Iso-strain (job strain and low support)		2+, 1ne
Clumeck et al. [34]	Positive ♂		SA incidence > 28 days
	No effect ♀
Mather et al. [63]	Positive		SA spell last 5 years
Organizational justice		2−
Elovainio et al. [50]	Negative		SA > 9 days last year
Hjarsbech et al. [54]	Negative		>3 weeks SA last year
Overtime work > once a month		Insufficient
Norlund et al. [43]	No effect		Risk of unchanged SA level
Predictability of work		Insufficient
Hjarsbech et al. [51]	No effect		>3 weeks SA last year
Quality of leadership		1−, 1ne
Munir et al. [44]	Negative		≥ 3 weeks SA last 2 years
Hjarsbech et al. [51]	No effect		>3 weeks SA last year
Supervisor support		1−, 2ne
Clumeck et al. [34]	No effect		SA incidence > 28 days
Foss et al. [36]	Negative		>8 weeks SA last 5 years
Janssens et al. [55]	No effect		SA ≥ 15 days last year
Work environment		Insufficient
Sanderson et al. [23]	No effect		SA in days last 4 weeks
Work pace		Insufficient
Hjarsbech et al. [51]	No effect		>3 weeks SA last year
Work stress		Insufficient
Verboom et al. [40]	Negative		Days SA last 6 months
Working with people		Insufficient
Norlund et al. [43]	No effect		Risk of unchanged SA level
Personal factors
Older age		6+, 2−, 6ne
Druss et al. [26]	Negative		Days SA last year
Lerner et al. [27]	No effect		SA past 2 weeks
Rytsala et al. [28]	Positive		SA or at work
Vaez et al. [32]	Negative		Days SA last year
Foss et al. [36]	No effect ♀ Positive ♂		>8 weeks SA last 5 years
van der Werff et al. [38]	No effect		SA last 6 months
Catalina-Romero et al. [39]	Positive		SA duration
Hallsten et al. [46]	No effect		SA > 60 consecutive days
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Catalina-Romero et al. [47]	Positive		SA ≥ 6 months
Gasse et al. [49]	Positive		SA > 2 weeks
Riihimaki et al. [59]	No effect		Time spent SA last 5 years
Real et al. [64]	Positive		Long-term SA > 60 days
Gender (female vs male)		6+, 1−, 8ne
Laitinen-Krispijn and Bijl [25]	Negative		≥1 spell of SA last year
Lerner et al. [27]	No effect		SA past 2 weeks
Rytsala et al. [28]	Positive		SA or at work
Vaez et al. [32]	No effect		Days SA last year
Clumeck et al. [34]	No effect		SA incidence > 28 days
Catalina-Romero et al. [39]	Positive		SA duration
Foss et al. [36]	Positive		>8 weeks SA last 5 years
van der Werff et al. [38]	No effect		SA last 6 months
Hallsten et al. [46]	Positive		SA > 60 consecutive days
Smith et al. [58]	No effect		Days of full SA last 2 years
Gasse et al. [49]	Positive		SA > 2 weeks
Elovainio et al. [50]	Positive		SA > 9 days last year
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Riihimaki et al. [59]	No effect		Time spent SA last 5 years
Real et al. [64]	No effect		Long-term SA > 60 days
High educational level		4−, 1ne
Lerner et al. [27]	Negative		SA past 2 weeks
Foss et al. [36]	Negative		>8 weeks SA last 5 years
Catalina-Romero et al. [39]	Negative		SA duration
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Gasse et al. [49]	Negative		SA > 2 weeks
Socio-economic position		1+, 1−, 1ne
Vaez et al. [32]	No effect		Days SA last year
Virtanen et al. [33]	Positive		SA > 7 days
Elovainio et al. [50]	Negative		SA > 9 days last year
Household income		Insufficient
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Cohabiting with children		1+, 1ne
Hallsten et al. [46]	No effect		SA > 60 consecutive days
Gasse et al. [49]	Positive		SA > 2 weeks
Co-morbidity		6+, 3ne
Druss et al. [26]	Positive		Days SA last year
Buist-Bouwman et al. [29]	Positive		Days SA last year
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Gasse et al. [49]	No effect		SA > 2 weeks
Hallsten et al. [46]	Positive		SA > 60 consecutive days
Catalina-Romero et al. [47]	Positive		SA ≥ 6 months
van der Werff et al. [38]	No effect		SA last 6 months
Hendriks et al. [60]	Positive		No SA, <2 or >2 weeks
Riihimaki et al. [59]	Positive		Time spent SA last 5 years
Adverse life events		Insufficient
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Childhood trauma		Insufficient
Verboom et al. [40]	No effect		Days SA last 6 months
Smoking behavior		3+, 2ne
Elovainio et al. [50]	Positive		SA > 9 days last year
Hallsten et al. [46]	No effect		SA > 60 consecutive days
Foss et al. [36]	Positive ♀ No effect ♂		> 8 weeks SA last 5 years
Mather et al. [63]	Positive		SA spell last 5 years
Alcohol use		Insufficient
Mather et al. [63]	No effect		SA spell last 5 years
Unhealthy behavior		Insufficient
Mather et al. [63]	Positive		SA spell last 5 years
Good general health perception		4−
Lerner et al. [27]	Negative		SA past 2 weeks
Foss et al. [36]	Negative		>8 weeks SA last 5 years
Peterson et al. [42]	Negative		>90 days SA last 3.5 years
Roelen et al. [61]	Negative		SA > 16 consecutive days
SF-12 domains
Poor physical functioning		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [61]	No effect		SA > 16 consecutive days
Poor physical role limitations		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [61]	No effect		SA > 16 consecutive days
Bodily pain		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [61]	No effect		SA > 16 consecutive days
Poor vitality		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [61]	Positive		SA > 16 consecutive days
Poor social functioning		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [61]	Positive		SA > 16 consecutive days
Poor emotional role limitations		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [61]	Positive		SA > 16 consecutive days
Poor mental health		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [61]	Positive		SA > 16 consecutive days
Competitiveness		Insufficient
Moriana and Herruzo [30]	No effect		SA (yes vs no)
Hostility		Insufficient
Moriana and Herruzo [30]	No effect		SA (yes vs no)
Avoidance behavior		Insufficient
Hendriks et al. [60]	No effect		No SA, <2 or >2 weeks
Personal work related factors
Work motivation		Insufficient
Roelen et al. [56]	Positive ♂ No effect ♀		>3 weeks SA last year
Job satisfaction		Insufficient
Moriana and Herruzo [30]	Negative		SA (yes vs no)
Bullying		Insufficient
Janssens et al. [55]	Positive		SA ≥ 15 days last year
Covert coping towards supervisors and coworkers		Insufficient
Norlund et al. [43]	Negative		Risk of unchanged SA level
Over commitment		Insufficient
Norlund et al. [43]	Negative		Risk of unchanged SA level
Exhaustion		2+
Moriana and Herruzo [30]	Positive		SA (yes vs no)
Peterson et al. [42]	Positive		>90 days SA last 3.5 years
Disengagement		Insufficient
Peterson et al. [42]	No effect		>90 days SA last 3.5 years
White vs blue collar		Insufficient
Catalina-Romero et al. [47]	Negative		SA ≥ 6 months
Occupational category		1+, 2ne
Lerner et al. [27]	No effect		SA past 2 weeks
Hallsten et al. [46]	No effect		SA > 60 consecutive days
Real et al. [64]	Positive		Long-term SA > 60 days
Being a shift worker		Insufficient
Norder et al. [62]	No effect		Temporary SA
Being self-employed		Insufficient
Real et al. [64]	Positive		Long-term SA > 60 days

+ positive related with SA, − negative related with SA, ne not related with SA