Table 1.
The percentage of hydrocarbons and oleic acid wax esters detected in four major glands in three different age groups of honey bees
| Cephalic salivary gland | Thoracic salivary | Dufour’s gland | Mandibular gland | Cuticular surface (Kather et al. 2011) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak # | Hydrocarbon abbreviation | Ret time | Day 0 | Day 10 | Day 30 | Day0 | Day 10 | Day 30 | Day 0 | Day 10 | Day 30 | Day 0 | Day 10 | Day 30 | Day 0 | Day 10 | Day 20 |
| 1 | C19:1 | 6.8 | 2 ± 1 | t | t | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2 | n-C19 | 6.9 | 2 ± 1 | t | t | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 3 | C21:1 | 8.2 | t | t | 1 ± 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4 | n-C21 | 8.4 | 16 ± 5 | 4 ± 3 | t | – | – | – | 6.9 ± 5.4 | – | 4.8 ± 2.6 | 10 ± 3.8 | – | – | 2.5 ± 2.1 | – | – |
| 5 | C23:1 | 10.2 | 9 ± 3 | 3 ± 2 | 1 ± 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.4 ± 3.9 | – | – | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 5 ± 1.9 |
| 6 | n-C23 | 10.6 | 29 ± 9 | 7 ± 3 | 16 ± 9 | – | – | – | 18 ± 15 | 6.7 ± 4.2 | 4 ± 3.3. | 15 ± 8.2 | – | – | 19 ± 6.7 | 8.6 ± 5.3 | 25 ± 6.3 |
| 7 | C23-Me3 | 11.6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.4 ± 4.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 8 | C25:2 | 12.5 | 3 ± 1 | t | t | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 9 | C25:1 | 12.8 | 4 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 1 ± 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.8 ± 2.5 | – | – | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.6 |
| 10 | n-C25 | 13.2 | 6 ± 3 | 6 ± 3 | 18 ± 9 | 100 | 97 ± 10 | 100 | 19 ± 14 | 20 ± 12 | 13 ± 4.7 | 13 ± 5.1 | 63 ± 19 | 81 ± 14 | 10 ± 1.7 | 9.3 ± 3.4 | 18 ± 3.4 |
| 11 | C25 Me9, 11, 13 | 13.6 | 2 ± 2 | t | t | – | – | – | 5.3 ± 7.1 | – | – | 3.3 ± 2.8 | – | – | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.4 |
| 12 | C27:2 | 15.3 | t | t | t | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 |
| 13 | C27:1 | 15.7 | t | 2 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | t | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.5 |
| 14 | n-C27 | 16.1 | 5 ± 2 | 6 ± 3 | 7 ± 5 | – | 3 ± 10 | – | 15 ± 9.5 | 19 ± 7 | 17 ± 4.8 | 13 ± 3.3 | 15 ± 7.4 | 19 ± 14 | 27 ± 3.5 | 19 ± 4.1 | 16 ± 4.4 |
| 15 | C27 Me9, 11, 13 | 16.6 | 5 ± 1 | 1 ± 0 | t | – | – | – | 8.1 ± 8.4 | – | 12 ± 3.9 | – | – | 14 ± 3.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | |
| 16 | C27-Me3 | 17.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.3 ± 2.6 | – | – | – | – | ||
| 17 | C29:1 | 18.2 | t | 2 ± 1 | 1 ± 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.4 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2 ± 1 |
| 18 | n-C29 | 18.4 | 1 ± 1 | 3 ± 2 | 2 ± 2 | – | – | – | 8.2 ± 6.6 | 23 ± 7 | 21 ± 5 | 5.6 ± 3 | – | – | 4.8 ± 2.6 | 11 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 2.4 |
| 19 | C29 Me9, 11, 13 | 18.6 | 3 ± 1 | t | t | – | – | – | 7.4 ± 8.5 | – | – | 9.7 ± 2.9 | – | – | 8.8 ± 3.0 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 1.5 |
| 20 | C31:1 (2 isomers) | 19.4 | 2 ± 2 | 11 ± 6 | 2 ± 2 | – | – | – | 1.8 ± 1.9 | 4.1 ± 4 | 2.4 ± 5.3 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | – | – | 1.3 ± 2.6 | 19 ± 5.9 | 8.4 ± 2.6 |
| 21 | n-C31 | 19.6 | t | 2 ± 1 | 1 ± 2 | – | – | – | 3 ± 5.4 | 18 ± 6 | 17 ± 6 | 1.6 ± 1.7 | – | – | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 6.3 ± 2.1 | 2.3 ± 1.1 |
| 22 | C31 Me9, 11, 13 | 19.7 | t | 1 ± 3 | t | – | – | – | 2.9 ± 3.5 | – | – | 3.4 ± 1.4 | – | – | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 |
| 23 | C33:1 (3 isomers) | 20.3 | 2 ± 3 | 19 ± 11 | 2 ± 2 | – | – | – | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 3.4 ± 3.8 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | – | 22 ± 14 | – | 1.1 ± 2.6 | 18 ± 10 | 5.5 ± 3.3 |
| 24 | n-C33 | 20.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | – | – | – | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 |
| 25 | C33-Me9, 11, 13 | 20.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.9 ± 1.5 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.4 ± 0.3 | – | 0.3 ± 0.4 |
| 26 | Oleic acid octadecyl ester | 21.7 | 2 ± 3 | 7 ± 8 | 13 ± 9 | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 27 | Oleic acid eicosyl ester | 22.3 | 2 ± 4 | 15 ± 15 | 28 ± 13 | – | – | – | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.9 ± 1 | 8.3 ± 3.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 28 | Oleic acid tetracosyl ester | 23.0 | 3 ± 7 | 3 ± 2 | 3 ± 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 29 | Unidentified wax ester | 23.5 | t | t | 2 ± 2 | – | – | – | – | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 30 | Unidentified wax ester | 23.9 | t | t | 2 ± 1 | – | – | – | 0.9 ± 1 | – | 2.2 ± 0.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Compounds are ordered by retention time (Ret). Each value is the average (±SD) of between 14 and 20 samples per age/task group. These are compared with the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles extracted from whole body washes of between 33 to 44 workers of each age/task group (Kather et al. 2011). All values greater than 10% are presented in bold for clarity, t = trace proportion, i.e. detectable but too small to be reliably integrated