Table 1.

A brief overview of the methods to estimate constitutive parameters of myocardium and current research gap

	Using mechanical test results of excised myocardium	Isolated heart with FE analysis	In vivo estimation using FE (animal myocardium)	In vivo estimation using FE (human myocardium)
Fung-type transversely isotropy	Schmid et al. (2006) Schmid et al. (2008)	Omens et al. (1993) Augenstein et al. (2005) Augenstein et al. (2006) Nair et al. (2007)	Walker et al. (2005) Wang et al. (2009)	Xi et al. (2011a) Xi et al. (2011b) Xi et al. (2013) Genet et al. (2014)
Pole-zero orthotropic		Stevens et al. (2003) (Remme et al., 2004)
Fung-type orthotropic	Schmid et al. (2006) Schmid et al. (2008)
Holzapfel-Ogden orthotropic	Holzapfel and Ogden (2009) Göktepe et al. (2011) Wang et al. (2013a) Eriksson et al. (2013)			Research gap