Table 2.

Characteristics of included studies

Ultrasonography (US)
Study ID	Country	Center and date	Patient characteristics	Number of TMJs	Inclusion criteria	Transducer (MHz)	Type of US	Initial Positioning	Radiographic features of disc in US	MRI scanner (T)	Outcome	TP	TN	FP	FN
Jank 2005 [22]	Austria	University of Innsbruck/date is not mentioned	100 patients; aged ≥ 16 years	200	Patients with indefinite diagnosis of TMD, failed therapy, or need for presurgical MRI	Unclear	Static and dynamic	Unclear	Unclear	2.2 T	DD-CM	127	57	5	11
											DD-MMO	66	113	11	10
Brandlmaier 2003 [19]	Austria	University of Innsbruck/date is not mentioned	48 patients (35 Females/13 Males); 17–67 years, mean 38 years	96	Patients with reported pain and dysfunction of TMJ region	12 MHz	Static	60 degrees to the Frankfort plane	Unclear	1.5 T	DD-CM	53	30	4	9
											DD-MMO	20	57	12	7
											DDWR	19	55	6	16
											DDWoR	20	57	12	7
Bas 2011 [17]	Turkey	Ondokuz Mayis University/date is not mentioned	91 patients (74 Females/17 Males); mean 25 years	182	Patients with clinical diagnosis of ID	10 MHz	Static and dynamic	Horizontal and vertical	A thin area of hyperechogenicity surrounded by a hypoechoic halo	0.5 T	DD-CM	95	34	12	41
Landes 2006 [23]	Germany	Frankfurt University Medical Centre/July 2002 to May 2003	68 patients (44 Females/24 Males); 14–77 years, mean 32 years	136	Patients with reported pain and dysfunction of TMJ areas	8–12.5 MHz	Static, 3D	Horizontal	A hypoechogenic band overlying the lateral condylar pole	1.5 T	DD-CM	29	36	22	18
											DD-MMO	9	73	13	12
Jank 2001 [24]	Austria	University of Innsbruck/date is not mentioned	66 patients (51 Females/13 Males); 13–78 years, mean 38.2 years	132	Patients with a clinical diagnosis of ID	12 MHz	Static	Horizontal and vertical	A hypoechogenic structure surrounded by a hyperechogenic rim	1.5 T	DD-CM	68	35	10	19
											DD-MMO	33	69	9	21
Habashi 2015 [25]	Israel	Bruce and Ruth Rappaport School of Medicine/March 2011 to October 2011	39 patients (26 Females/13 Males); 18–77 years, mean 37.23 ± 16.26 years	78	Patients with symptoms and signs of TMJ disorders	5–17 MHz	Static and dynamic	Horizontal and vertical	A central hyperechoic lines surrounded by a shadow hypoechoic rim	3 T	DD-CM	19	36	16	7
											DD-MMO	11	53	7	7
											DDWR	33	24	12	9
											DDWoR	24	33	9	12
Emshoff 2002 (a) [26]	Austria	University of Innsbruck/December 1997 to September 2000	208 patients (159 Females/49 Males); 13–78 years; mean 38.5 years	341	Patients with symptoms of TMJ ID	12 MHz	Static	Vertical	A thin isoechogenic band lying adjacent to the condyle	1.5 T	DD-CM	176	104	16	45
											DD-MMO	97	184	15	45
Yang 2012 [27]	China	The First Hospital of Neijiang/June 2008 to June 2011	35 patients (20 Females/15 Males); 19–63 years, mean 37.3 ± 9.6 years	40	Patients with pain or dysfunction in the TMJ regions	12 MHz	Static	Vertical	A thin hypoechogenic band	1.5 T	DD-CM	24	9	1	6
											DD-MMO	22	16	1	1
											DDWoR	19	16	1	4
Emshoff 1997 [28]	Austria	University of Innsbruck/date is not mentioned	17 patients (14 Females/3 Males); 16–60 years, mean 33.8 years	34	Patients with signs and symptoms of TMD	7.5 MHz	Static and dynamic	Horizontal	Unclear	1.5 T	Static DD-CM	13	5	2	13
											Static DD-MMO	1	14	5	7
											Dynamic DD-CM	10	7	0	16
											Dynamic DD-MMO	1	18	1	7
Razek 2015 [29]	Egypt	Mansoura Faculty of Dentistry/date is not mentioned	20 patients (17 Females/3 Males); 15–57 years, mean 26.1 years	40	Patients with symptoms of TMJ ID	12 MHz	Static	Horizontal and vertical	A hypoechogenic band	1.5 T	DD-CM	23	8	3	7
Landes 2007 [30]	Germany	Frankfurt University Medical Centre/May 2004 to July 2004	33 patients (23 Females/10 Males); 14–77 years, mean 34 years	66	Patients with reported pain and dysfunction of TMJ areas	8–12.5 MHz	Static, 2D, 3D	Horizontal	A hypoechogenic band	1.5 T	2D DD-CM	19	17	19	11
											2D DD-MMO	8	40	11	7
											3D DD-CM	20	19	17	10
											3D DD-MMO	8	42	9	7
Emshoff 2002(b) [31]	Austria	University of Innsbruck/June 2000 to March 2001	64 patients (55 Females/9 Males); 17–65 years, mean 35.5 years	128	Patients with TMJ ID	12 MHz	Dynamic	Vertical	A thin hypo-to-isoechoic band lying adjacent to the inferior relation	1.5 T	DDWR	22	96	5	5
											DDWoR	50	65	3	10
Tognini 2005 [32]	Italy	University of Pisa/date is not mentioned	41 patients	82	Patients with at least one of the clinical signs including joint sounds, joint pain or restricted or deviated mandibular function	8–20 MHz	Static and dynamic	Vertical	A thin area of hyperechogenity surrounded by a hypoechoic halo	1.5 T	DD-CM	17	33	8	10
Emshoff 2003 [33]	Austria	University of Innsbruck/date is not mentioned	48 patients (40 Females/8 Males); 15–72 years, mean 51 years	96	Patients with clinical diagnosis of TMD	12 MHz	Dynamic	Vertical	A thin hypoechoic-to-isoechoic band lying adjacent to the inferior relations of the mandibular condyle	1.5 T	DDWoR	41	48	5	2
Kaya 2010 [34]	Turkey	Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital/ date is not mentioned	52 patients (47 Females/5 Males); mean 28.30 ± 10.76 years	52	Patients with unilateral chronic TMJ pain	7.5 MHz	Static and dynamic	Horizontal and vertical	Unclear	1.5 T	DD-CM	42	1	5	4
											DDWR	22	8	13	9
											DDWoR	8	32	4	8
Starke 2011 [35]	Germany	Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Osnabruck/September 2010 to November 2010	22 patients (16 Females/6 Males); 20–70 years, mean 48 years	44	Patients with a diagnosis of craniomandibular dysfunctions	4–13 MHz	Static and dynamic	Vertical	Unclear	1.5 T	DD-CM	17	12	7	0