Table 3. Association between demographic and depression variable and children's screen overuse.
| Characteristics | Television | Smartphone | Tablet | Computer | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | OR (95% CI) | P value | β | OR (95% CI) | P value | β | OR (95% CI) | P value | β | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Depression (K-BDI-II) | |||||||||||||
| 0–21 | Ref | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 22 | 0.670 | 1.954 (1.050–3.635) | 0.034 | 0.452 | 1.572 (0.661–3.739) | 0.306 | −0.644 | 0.525 (0.131–2.107) | 0.363 | 0.916 | 2.499 (0.699–8.933) | 0.159 | |
| Age, yr | |||||||||||||
| 2 | Ref | ||||||||||||
| 3 | −0.386 | 0.680 (0.364–1.269) | 0.226 | 0.600 | 1.821 (0.679–4.886) | 0.234 | −0.804 | 0.447 (0.127–1.576) | 0.211 | 0.122 | 1.130 (0.219–5.831) | 0.884 | |
| 4 | −0.446 | 0.640 (0.330–1.239) | 0.186 | −0.591 | 0.554 (0.163–1.880) | 0.343 | 0.039 | 1.040 (0.295–3.666) | 0.951 | −0.938 | 0.391 (0.051–2.987) | 0.366 | |
| 5 | −0.761 | 0.467 (0.198–1.103) | 0.082 | −0.837 | 0.433 (0.078–2.413) | 0.340 | −0.660 | 0.517 (0.080–3.319) | 0.487 | 0.664 | 1.942 (0.287–13.159) | 0.496 | |
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| Male | Ref | ||||||||||||
| Female | 0.162 | 1.176 (0.769–1.800) | 0.455 | −0.594 | 0.552 (0.265–1.152) | 0.113 | −0.568 | 0.567 (0.221–1.451) | 0.236 | −0.168 | 0.845 (0.271–2.636) | 0.730 | |
| Main caregiver | |||||||||||||
| Parents | Ref | ||||||||||||
| Grandparents | 0.097 | 1.102 (0.431–2.820) | 0.839 | 0.188 | 1.206 (0.227–6.417) | 0.826 | 0.285 | 1.330 (0.132–13.393) | 0.809 | 0.419 | 1.521 (0.141–16.406) | 0.772 | |
| Paternal education | |||||||||||||
| High school or below | Ref | ||||||||||||
| College or above | −0.018 | 0.982 (0.457–2.110) | 0.963 | −0.517 | 0.596 (0.219–1.622) | 0.311 | −0.486 | 0.615 (0.166–2.276) | 0.466 | 1.022 | 2.779 (0.294–26.229) | 0.372 | |
| Maternal education | |||||||||||||
| High school or below | Ref | ||||||||||||
| College or above | −0.618 | 0.539 (0.255–1.140) | 0.106 | −0.853 | 0.426 (0.162–1.119) | 0.083 | −0.883 | 0.413 (0.131–1.309) | 0.133 | −0.316 | 0.729 (0.131–4.062) | 0.718 | |
| Maternal employment status | |||||||||||||
| Unemployed | Ref | ||||||||||||
| Employed | −0.067 | 0.936 (0.580–1.509) | 0.785 | 0.094 | 1.099 (0.485–2.492) | 0.821 | 0.048 | 1.049 (0.380–2.895) | 0.926 | −0.723 | 0.485 (0.126–1.863) | 0.292 | |
| Monthly household income, KRW | |||||||||||||
| < 4,000,000 | Ref | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 4,000,000 | −0.018 | 0.990 (0.629–1.558) | 0.964 | −0.503 | 0.604 (0.269–1.356) | 0.222 | −1.357 | 0.257 (0.083–0.800) | 0.019 | 0.175 | 1.191 (0.375–3.776) | 0.767 | |
Adjusted with age, sex, main caregiver, maternal education, paternal education, maternal employment status, and monthly household income.
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, K-BDI = Korean Version of the Beck Depression Inventory, Ref = reference.