Table 2.

Main results of clinical trials using current immune-checkpoint inhibitors for the patients with metastatic urothelial cancer

Agent	Trading name	Antibody	Dose and schedule	Phase	Trial name	Patients number	Main results	Reference
Pembrolizumab	Keytruda	PD-1	200 mg, every 3 weeks	3	Keynote-045	542 (270 versus 272)	The median OS of pembrolizumab arm (10.3 months) was significantly longer than that of the chemotherapy arm (7.4 months)	[6]
Nivolumab	Opdivo	PD-1	3 mg/kg, every 2 weeks	2	Checkmate 275	270	Confirmed ORR for all patients was 19.6%. Severe AEs (grade 3–4) occurred in 18% of patients	[9]
Atezolizumab	Tecentriq	PD-L1	1200 mg, every 3 weeks	3	IMvigor211	931 (467 versus 464)	The median OS of the pre-stratified PD-L1 high expression patients (> 5%) did not differ significantly between the atezolizumab arm (11.1 months) and the chemotherapy arm (10.6 months)	[10]
Durvalumab	Imfinzi	PD-L1	10 mg/kg, every 2 weeks	1/2		191	The overall ORR was 17.8% including 7% CR. Severe AEs (grade 3–4) and grade 3–4 immune-mediated AEs occurred in 6.8 and 2.1% of the patients, respectively	[11]
Avelumab	Bavencio	PD-L1	10 mg/kg, every 2 weeks	1	JAVELIN	161	The ORR was 17% including 6% with CR. Severe (grade 3–4) treatment-related AEs occurred in 8%	[12]

PD-1 programmed death 1, PD-L1 programmed death ligand 1, OS overall survival, ORR objective response rate, CR complete response, AE adverse event, Reference the reference number in this review article