Table 1.
Select studies on the prevalence and distribution of cutaneous HPVs among immunosuppressed individuals.
| Year | Author (s) (reference number) | Data |
|---|---|---|
| 1922 | Lewandowsky and Lutz 12 | First description of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). |
| 1972 | Jablonska et al. 13 | β-HPVs 5 and 8 infected EV individuals had a higher risk of developing NMSC (after UV exposition). |
| 1974 | Koranda et al. 26 | Cutaneous warts were detected in 43% of ORT individuals after 3 months to 9 years following transplant. |
| 1976 | Mullen et al. 20 | Increased risk of NMSC is mostly associated to higher incidence of cSCC. |
| 1977 | Hoxtell et al. 19 | |
| 1980 | Hardie et al. 18 | |
| 1978 | Sbano et al. 22 | cSCC occasionally develop from viral warts or other precursor lesions. |
| 1989 | Barr et al. 21 | |
| 1980 | Hardie et al. 18 | The incidence of skin cancer increases 5% per year after the first year of transplant, with a cumulative risk of 44% after 9 years. |
| 1980 | Hardie et al. 18 | Tumors are more aggressive in OTRs than in the general population. |
| 1984 | Boyle et al. 27 | 18% of renal transplant patients who were highly exposed to UV developed carcinogenic lesion in the skin. |
| 1995 | Birkeland et al. 16 | OTRs have until 100 fold increased risk of developing NMSC as compared to the general population. |
| 2000 | Lindelöf et al. 17 | |
| 1997 | Boxman et al. 35 | β-HPV is more prevalent in skin warts biopsies than in both the normal skin and plucked hairs among OTRs. |
| 2000 | Harwood et al. 36 | |
| 2003 | Meyer et al. 37 | |
| 2000 | Antonsson et al. 6 | Among OTRs, dialysis patients, and healthy controls, solely the first group reported ever having skin cancer (11.5%). |
| 2000 | Lindelöf et al. 17 | Within 15 years of transplantation, up to 90% of OTRs develop warts and/or cSCC. |
| 2000 | Berkhout et al. 29 | Infections of cutaneous HPVs frequently persist in OTRs. |
| 2007 | Hazard et al. 30 | |
| 2003 | Feltkamp et al. 40 | There is a positive epidemiological association between β-HPV seroreactivity and cSCC development. |
| 2004 | Termorshuizen et al. 24 | NMSCs among OTRs are often multiple and usually confined to UV-exposed anatomical sites. |
| 2004 | Harwood et al. 34 | |
| 2007 | Forslund et al. 23 | |
| 2005 | Weissenborn et al. 46 | Data regarding the association between cutaneous HPV infection and cSCC is still inconclusive. |
| 2008 | Rollison et al. 45 | |
| 2011 | Arron et al. 43 | |
| 2016 | Chahoud et al. 44 | |
| 2007 | Nindl et al. 28 | OTRs have higher cutaneous HPV prevalence rate up to 90% in cSCC compared to the normal skin (11-32%). |
| 2007 | Hazard et al. 30 | Older ages and history of sunburn are associated to an elevated risk of β-HPV persistent infection. |
| 2014 | Hampras et al. 31 | |
| 2008 | Michael et al. 39 | Seroconversion to β-HPV increases with age. |
| 2010 | Antonsson et al. 38 | |
| 2009 | Bouvard et al. 15 | β-HPVs 5 and 8 are accepted as possible etiological agents (carcinogens group 2B) of cSCC in immunosuppressed EV individuals. |
| 2011 | Proby et al. 33 | Individuals with concordant β-HPV DNA in plucked eyebrow hairs and serologic tests had a significantly increased risk of developing SCC. |
| 2013 | Neale et al. 32 | There is a significant association between the number of β-HPVs detected at eyebrow hair follicles and the increased risk of cSCC among OTRs. |