Table 2.
Summary of recombinant glycoprotein vaccine antigens produced in plants
| Virus | Glycoprotein (antigen) | Expression host (leaves unless otherwise specified) | Transient (T)/Transgenic (TG)/Transplastomic (TP) yields | Antigen tested in animals | Animal testing | Immunogenicity | Challenge efficacy | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCHFV | GnGc | N. tabacum | TG 0.9–1.4 mg/kg FW | Tobacco leaf pellets | BALB/c mice oral | IgG; IgA | ND | Ghiasi et al. (2011) |
| N. tabacum hairy roots | TG 1.8 mg/kg FW | Hairy root pellets | BALB/c mice oral | IgG; IgA | ND | |||
| Coronavirus | S1‐GFP fusion (his‐tagged) | N. tabacum | T NQ | NT | ND | – | – | Li et al. (2006) |
| N. tabacum | TP 0.2% TSP | NT | ND | – | – | |||
| S1 | N. tabacum root | TG NQ | Lyophilized tobacco root | ALB/c mice oral | IgG | ND | Pogrebnyak et al. (2005) | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) fruit | TG NQ | Lyophilized tomato fruit | BALB/c mice oral | IgA | ND | |||
| Dengue virus | pRM/E | Lactuca sativa (lettuce) | TP NQ | NT | ND | – | – | Kanagaraj et al. (2011) |
| D2EIII | N. benthamiana | T 5.6 mg/kg FW | Ni+ affinity‐purified D2III | C3H mice IM | IgG and PRNT neutralization | ND | Saejung et al. (2007) | |
| Et (truncated) | N. benthamiana | T 600 mg/kg FW | NT | ND | – | – | Martinez et al. (2010) | |
| pRM/Et | N benthamiana | T 500 mg/kg FW | NT | ND | – | – | ||
| HBCag‐DIII | N. benthamiana | T 400 mg/kg FW | NT | ND | – | – | ||
| CTB‐EIII | N. tabacum | TG 0.0053%–0.019% TSP | NT | ND | – | – | Kim et al. (2010) | |
| EDIII (consensus) | Oryza sativa (rice) callus | TG 450 mg/kg FW | NT | ND | – | – | Kim et al. (2012) | |
| Ebola virus | EIC (GP1 fusion with heavy chain monoclonal ab) | N. benthamiana | T 50 mg/kg FW | Protein G affinity‐purified EIC | BALB/c mice SC | IgG | ND | Phoolcharoen et al. (2011) |
| IBV | S (spike protein) | Solanum tuberosum (potato) tubers | TG 2.39–2.53 mg/kg FW | Fresh potato tuber; potato tuber extract | Chickens oral; IM | IL‐2; Neutralization | 66.7% survival oral; 100% survival IM | Zhou et al. (2004) |
| JEV | EDIII‐BaMV CP | N. benthamiana | T NQ | NT | ND | – | – | Chen et al. (2017) |
| Chenopodium quinoa | T 4300–8900 mg/kg | Purified chimeric virus particles | BALB/c mice IP | IgG; PRNT neutralization | ND | |||
| HIV | gp140 ∆CFI Env | N. benthamiana | T 80 mg/kg FW | NT | ND | – | – | Rosenberg et al. (2013) |
| dgp41 (deconstructed gp41) | N. benthamiana | T 9 mg/kg FW | NT | ND | – | – | Kessans et al. (2013) | |
| Consensus Env/HA chimaera | N. benthamiana | T NQ | NT | ND | – | – | WO 212/083445A1 | |
| gp140 NFL | N. benthamiana | T 5–6 mg/kg | Lectin‐column‐purified gp140 NFL | Rabbits IM | Binding and neutralizing antibodies | ND | Margolin et al. (submitted for publication) | |
| Influenza virus | H1N1 HA (haemagglutinin) | N. benthamiana | T 90 mg/kg FW | Ni+ affinity‐purified HA | Mice IM; rabbits IM; ferrets IM | HAI titres and virus neutralization | ND | Shoji et al. (2011) |
| H5N1 HA | N. benthamiana | T 50 mg/kg FW | Ni+ affinity‐purified HA | Mice IM; rabbits IM; ferrets IM | HAI titres and virus neutralization | ND | ||
| H5N1 HA | N. benthamiana | T NQ | Ni+ affinity‐purified HA | BALB/c mice IN; ferrets IN | IgA, IgG; HAI titres and virus neutralization | Mice 100% survival; Ferrets 100% survival | Major et al. (2015) | |
| H5N1 HA (VLPs) | N. benthamiana | T 50 mg/kg FW | Fetuin affinity‐purified HA VLPs | BALB/c mice IM | HAI titres | 100% protection | D'Aoust et al. (2008) | |
| H1N1 HA (VLPs) | N. benthamiana | T 50 mg/kg FW | Fetuin affinity‐purified HA VLPs | BALB/c mice IM | HAI titres | 100% protection | ||
| Newcastle disease virus | F (fusion protein) | Zea mays (maize) kernels | TG 0.9%–0.17% TSP | Ground kernels | Chicken oral | IgG | 100% protection | Guerrero‐Andrade et al. (2006) |
| HN | Solanum tuberosum tubers | TG 300–600 mg/kg | Crude leaf extracts | BALB/c mice IP; oral | IgG; IgG + IgA | ND | Berinstein et al. (2005) | |
| F | S. tuberosum | TG 300–600 mg/kg | Crude leaf extracts | BALB/c mice IP; oral | IgG; IgG + IgA | ND | ||
| HN | N. benthamiana | T 3000 mg/kg FW | NT | ND | – | – | Gomez et al. (2009) | |
| Rabies virus | Surface protein G | N. tabacum | TG 0.1%–0.38% TSP | Human antirabies IgG affinity‐purified G | BALB/C mice IP | IgG | 100% protection | Ashraf et al. (2005) |
| Surface protein G | Z. mays kernels | TG 25 mg/kg FW | Ground kernels | Sheep oral | RFFIT neutralization | 66% survival | Loza‐Rubio et al. (2012) | |
| RVFV | Gn deletion mutant | Arabidopsis thaliana whole plants | TG NQ | Fresh leaves | C57/B1 mice oral | IgG | ND | Kalbina et al. (2016) |
| WNV | E domain III (DIII) (his‐tagged) | N. benthamiana | T 1.16–73 mg/kg FW | Ni+ affinity‐purified DIII | BALB/c mice SC | IgG | ND | He et al. (2014) |
| Zika virus | E glycoprotein (his‐tagged) | N. benthamiana | T 160 mg/kg FW | Ni+ affinity‐purified E | C57/BL6 mice SC | IgG; IFNƳ, IL‐4, IL6; PRNT neutralization | ND | Yang et al. (2017b) |
| HBCag‐DIII (VLPs) | N. benthamiana | T 1.8 mg/kg FW | Sucrose gradient‐purified VLPs | C57/BL6 mice SC | IgG; IFNƳ; PRNT neutralization | ND | Yang et al. (2017a) |
CCHFV, Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus; HAI, haemagglutinin inhibition; IBV, infectious bronchitis virus; IM, intramuscular; IN, intranasal; IP, intraperitoneal; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; mg/kg FW, mg/kg fresh weight; ND, not done; NQ, no quantitation; NT, not tested; PRNT, plaque reduction neutralization test; RFFIT, rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test; RVFV, Rift Valley fever virus; SC, subcutaneous; WNV, West Nile virus.